Footbridge by Tim Green modified and used under

"Footbridge" by Tim Green, modified and used under CC BY 2. 0 G 3: Assessing Assistive Technology Usability and Its Effect on the Digital Divide Ryan S. Overdorf

Introduction My typing vs. my use of Dragon Naturally. Speaking "Assistive Technology program welcome typing skills demonstration" uploaded by roverdo "Assistive technology program Dragon Naturally. Speaking demonstration" uploaded by roverdo

The Digital Divide in Context Speech to Text to Speech Eye Tracking

Speech to Text Generally “Cell Phone Voice Commands” by Ryan S. Overdorf used under CC BY-NC 2. 0 “Closed Captioning on You. Tube” by Ryan S. Overdorf used under CC BY-NC 2. 0

Closed Captioning Testing You. Tube Captioning From a Transcript Testing the beta version of You. Tube's Automatic Audio Transcription “Testing You. Tube Captioning From a Transcript ” uploaded by roverdo “Testing the beta version of You. Tube's Automatic Audio Transcription” uploaded by roverdo

Speech to Text Explained 1952 -- First speech recognition machine 1975 -- First application of a Hidden Markov Model Equation copied from Wikipedia article “Markov Chain” and used under CC BY-SA 3. 0 “Hidden Markov Model with Output” by Tdunning used under CC BY 3. 0 1997 -- Introduction of Dragon Naturally. Speaking Microsoft Speech Voicemail Preview demo “Microsoft Speech Voicemail Preview demo” uploaded by roverdo

Dragon Naturally. Speaking Court Case Picard v. St. Tammany Parish Hosp. No. 10 -30719 (5 th Cir. 2011) Plaintiff worked as a medical transcriptionist but suffered from carpal tunnel syndrome and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT causes electrical signal irregularities in the nervous system). She requested a copy of Dragon Naturally. Speaking and the hospital refused. The jury found that she was not a qualified individual under the ADA because her impairment was not substantial. Plaintiff appealed asserting an improper jury instruction; her appeal was denied by the 5 th Circuit.

Speech to Text Limitations Mouse. Grid demo “Assistive technology program Mouse. Grid demonstration” uploaded by roverdo “Speedy Mouse” by Jaisey used under CC BY-NC-ND 2. 0

Text to Speech Explained 1939 -- First speech synthesizer 1976 -- First talking calculator 1987 -- Introduction of JAWS screen reader “VODER (1939) - Early Speech Synthesizer” uploaded by Vintage. GC Perfect Paul in use “Stephen Hawking discusses his stint on 'The Simpsons'” uploaded by shazzatpm's

Kurzweil 3000 Demo Kurzweil 3000 Basic Features “built in supports ” uploaded by EDUC 685

The Kindle as a Screen Reader Amazon Kindle 3 Text to speech “Amazon Kindle 3 Text to speech ” uploaded by Lone. Reaction

Screen Readers and PDF NVDA PDF demo “Assistive technology program NVDA screen reader and untagged PDF demonstration” uploaded by roverdo “Assistive technology program NVDA screen reader and tagged PDF demonstration” uploaded by roverdo

Screen Reader Web Page Behavior • Follows keyboard focus order or tab index order • Can skip between headings or lists if structured properly • Responses to images are inconsistent without alt text • Responses to input boxes are inconsistent without labels

Inaccessible Websites Jaws "Hidden Heroes" inaccessible website demo “Assistive technology program JAWS screen reader web accessibility demonstration” uploaded by roverdo

Compliance with WCAG 2. 0 http: //www. w 3. org/TR/WCAG 20/ 1 (5 pass AChecker plus 15 near misses)

Solo practitioner Scott La. Barre • Practices employment and disability law in Denver Colorado • President of the National Association of Blind Lawyers, an affiliate of the National Federation of the Blind. • Appeared on the NFB’s “Straight Talk About Vision Loss” episode 14 • On being a blind attorney “Straight Talk About Vision Loss, Episode 14 ” uploaded by Nations. Blind

Law Student Deepa Goraya • LSAC Settlement Agreement • LSAC You. Tube channel • Beneficiaries include Deepa Goraya • She is now a 2 L at the University of Michigan • Co-Vice President NALSWD • NALSWD You. Tube channel

Others Benefiting from Screen Readers? • Example 23 of the EEOC's Reasonable Attorney Accommodations • Beneficiaries include (? ) • Blind Lawyers with Big. Law jobs have left those jobs • Isaac Lidsky • Will Grignon, founder of Descriptions for the Blind • American Association of Visually Impaired Attorneys (ACB affiliate) • Richard Bernstein Challenges ABA on LSAT “Attorney Richard Bernstein offers help to people who have been denied Social Security Benefits ” uploaded by Sam. Bernstein. Law. Firm

Text to Speech Limitations • Wikipedia reports the average reading rate to be 250 -300 WPM • Wikipedia reports the average listening rate to be 150 WPM http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Words_per_minute

Eye Tracking a. k. a. Gaze Tracking • 1879 -- First measurement of eye movements Saccades and Fixations “eye movements ” uploaded by craiggirvan • 1988 -- Introduction of Eyegaze eye tracking system • 2002 – Introduction of Tobii Eye Tracker Christopher Taylor and his Tobii C 12 (ALS) “Christopher Taylor and his Tobii C 12 (ALS)” uploaded by AACTobii • 2011 – Tobii demos an eye-tracking laptop prototype made by Lenovo “Tobii introducing the new eye controlled Lenovo laptop at Ce. Bit ” uploaded by Tobii. Eye. Tracking

The Case of Hippocrate Mertsaris Fox 5 (NY) report on Chicho Mertsaris “Wheelchair-Bound Lawyer's Sex Assault Case Dismissed” uploaded by My. Fox. NY

Challenges and Solutions for the Future • Each technology needs better mathematical models and more processing power. • Despite the limitations, current technology is sufficiently advanced to make a real difference in bridging the digital divide.