FOOD It is the basic requirement of life

FOOD Ø It is the basic requirement of life to survive. Ø It is made up of various kind of energy rich substances like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals, which are known as nutrients.

FUNCTIONS OF FOOD Ø Food provide energy for various metabolic activities. Ø It helps in growth and development of body. Ø It helps in the replacement of worn out tissues, repair of damaged cells and healing of wounds. Ø It provide protection against diseases.

SOURCES OF FOOD Ø Cereals Ø Pulses Ø Oil seed crops Ø Fruits and vegetables

CEREALS �WHEAT RICE

MAIZE � BAJRA

Jowar

PULSES Pigeon pea (arhar) Urad

Lentil (masoor) Pea

Black gram

OIL SEED CROPS Soyabean Groundnut

Sunflower Niger

Sesame Castor

Mustard Linseed

ROOT CROPS Turnip Sweet Potato Carrot

SUGAR CROPS Sugarcane Beet

Cotton FIBRE CROPS Jute

PLANTATION CROPS Tea Coffee Coconut Rubber

FODDER CROPS Berseem Elephant Grass

AGRICULTURE Ø It is the branch of science which deals with the productions of plants and raising of animals useful to man Ø Involves soil cultivation, breeding and management of crops and livestock.

CROP Ø When plants of same kind are grown and cultivated at one place on a large scales, it is called a crop. Ø Different types of crops require different climate conditions.

TYPES OF CROP KHARIF/RAINY SEASON RABI / WINTER CROP SEASON CROP ZAID CROP ØGrown during monsoon/rainy season ØGrown during winter season Ø grown during mainly summer season ØRequire warm and wet weather ØRequire cold and dry weather ØRequire warm dry weather Ø sown in june/ july and harvested in september/october ØSown in october/november and harvested in march/april ØSown in march and harvested in june ØEg…rice, jowar, urad, bajra, cotton, pea, moong, groundnut ØEg…wheat, barley, gram, mustard, potato ØSeasonal fruits and vegetables

AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENTS NAME OF IMPLEMENT USES Ø KHURPA FOR WEEDING Ø SPADE FOR DIGGING AND BUNDS FORMATION Ø WOODEN PLOUGH FOR TILLING Ø SOIL PLANK FOR BREAKING CRUMBS Ø SEED DRILL FOR SOWING Ø HARROW FOR WEEDING Ø SICKLE FOR HARVESTING Ø SPRAYER FOR SPRAYING INSECTICIDES Ø COMBINE FOR HARVESTING AND THRESHING

Khurpa Soil Plank Spade Harrow

CROP PRODUCTION PRACTICES Ø PREPARATION OF SOIL Ø SOWING Ø ADDING MANURE AND FERTILIZERS Ø IRRIGATION Ø PROTECTION FROM WEEDS Ø HARVESTING Ø STORAGE

PREPARATION OF SOIL Includes ploughing and levelling PLOUGHING / TILLING Ø process of loosening and turning of soil Ø done by using a plough Ø ploughs are made of wood or iron Ø allows the roots to penetrate deeper easily Ø soil is overturned and properly aerated by ploughing

PLOUGH Wooden Plough Iron Plough

TRADITIONAL PLOUGHING

MODERN PLOUGHING

LEVELLING Ø process to make soil surface in level for sowing seeds Ø Done by using a leveller , made of wood or iron Wooden leveller Iron leveller

TRADITIONAL LEVELLING

�MODERN LEVELLING

SOWING Ø Done by broadcaster and seed drill Ø Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected Broadcasting Seed Drill

�MANUAL SOWING

�SOWING BY SEED DRILL

APPLYING MANURE AND FERTILIZERS MANURE FERTILIZER Ø Organic natural substances , derived from decomposition of biological materials. Ø organic or inorganic substances. Ø contain organic matter in large quantities. Ø organic matter not present. Ø contain nutrient in small quantities & are needed in large quantities. ØContain much higher amount of nutrients & are required in very small quantities. Ø they are not nutrient specific. Ø they are prepared in fields & villages. Ø they are manufactured in factories. Ø manures are bulky substances. So these are inconvenient to store, use and transport Ø these are available in concentrated form. So these are easy to store, use and transport. Ø do not cause pollution Ø cause water pollution

Manure Spreader

�MANURE SPREADING

Fertilizer Sprayer

FERTILIZERS SPRAYING

IRRIGATION Ø Process of supplying water to crop plants growing in the fields by means of canal, reservoir, wells, tube wells, etc. Ø Water provide essential macronutrients to crop --hydrogen and oxygen

TYPES OF IRRIGATION Ø SOIL BASED IRRIGATION Eg - crop grown in sandy soil require more frequent irrigation than crop grown in clayey soil Ø CROP BASED IRRIGATION Eg – paddy crop is transplanted in standing water requires more water supply as compared to wheat, gram, cotton.

METHODS OF IRRIGATION Ø TRADITIONAL METHODS : �Moat (pulley system) �Chain pump �Dhekli �Rahat (level system)

Moat System Chain Pump

Rahat System Dhekli System

�RAHAT SYSTEM

CHAIN PUMP

DHEKLI SYSTEM

MOAT SYSTEM

Ø MODERN METHODS: - �Drip Irrigation Method �Sprinkler System �Fertigation

Drip Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation

DRIP IRRIGATION

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

REMOVAL OF WEEDS Ø WEEDS : - undesirable plants with the main crop, compete with the main crop for water, nutrients, space, light. Ø WEEDING : - removal of weeds.

WEEDING METHODS EXAMPLES BIOLOGICAL METHODS ØCassia plant against Parthenium weed ØHerbivorous fish in paddy fields CHEMICAL METHODS 2, 4 -D, Nitrofen, Atrazine CULTURAL METHODS Crop rotation, Mixed Cropping, Intercropping MECHANICAL METHODS Ploughing, Flooding, Burning

WEEDING IN BANANA CROP

HARVESTING Ø Cutting of crop after its maturation Ø Done by sickle or by a machine called harvester Ø Grains are separated from chaff by a process called threshing Ø Threshing is carried out by combine (harvester + thresher)

SICKLE HARVESTER

COMBINE

MANUAL HARVESTING

�MODERN HARVESTING

STORAGE OF GRAINS Ø After threshing, grains are dried in sun and then packed. Ø Farmers store food grains in jute bags or metallic bins Ø Large scale storage is done in silos and granaries and stored in godowns Ø At domestic level, dried neem leaves are also used

SILOS

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR GRAINS LOSS DURING STORAGE Ø BIOTIC (LIVING) FACTORS: - insects, rodents, birds, mites Ø ABIOTIC (NON LIVING) FACTORS: - Temperature, moisture, humidity, material of container

MEASURES TO PREVENT GRAIN LOSS Ø Drying before storage Ø Maintenance of hygeine Ø Plant product treatment Ø Prophylactic treatment Ø Improved storage structures

DISEASES OF CROPS CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE AGENT SYMPTOMS Seed borne diseases Ergot of Bajra Claviceps perpuria Fungus infect florets and develops in ovaries, producing sticky liquid called honey dew. Leaf Spot of Rice Bipolaris oryzae Brown leaf spots occur which are small and circular

Ergot of Bajra Leaf Spot of Rice

CATEGORY DISEASE Soil borne diseases Tikka disease of groundnut Smut of bajra CAUSATIVE AGENT SYMPTOMS Cercosporidium personatum Spots are reddish brown to black on upper surface and light brown on the lower surface of leaf. Tolyposporium sp. In affected ears, some of grain become deep green which becomes black.

Tikka disease of groundnut Smut of Bajra

CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE AGENT SYMPTOMS Water borne disease Bacterial blight of rice Xanthomonas oryzae Leaves of young plant become pale green , whole leaf become whitish, greyish and then die.

Bacterial Blight of Rice

CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE AGENT SYMPTOMS Air borne disease Rust of wheat Puccinia triticana Brown pustules on the stalk and leaves. These pustules burst and release brown powder which consist of spores. Blast of rice Magnaporthe grisea White to green lesions with dark border appear on all parts of shoot. Internodal infection also occur which result in the breakdown of stem.

Rust of wheat Blast of rice

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Ø Agriculture practices that can continue for very long time without damaging the natural resources Ø Can be done by: Mixed farming Crop rotation Mixed cropping Intercropping

Intercropping

Mixed Cropping Three Sisters(Bean+Squash+Corn) Ø The spreading, big-leafed squash shades the ground conserving moisture, inhibiting weeds and deterring pests. Ø The corn acts as a natural beanpole, while the beans contribute nitrogen to the soil for the other crops to use. Together, beans and corn provide a complete protein. In this photo, you can see the light green leaves of a bean plant growing at the base of the cornstalk.

Three Sisters

GREEN REVOLUTION Ø Started in 1960 by Dr. M. S. Swaminathan (father of green revolution) Ø Main aim was to increase production of wheat by modern agricultural practices Ø High yield dwarf variety of wheat “Sharbati sonara” was developed in 1967.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Science which deals with scientific management of animals. It includes: Ø Breeding Ø Feeding Ø Heeding Ø Weeding

THANKS Biology Department Udaipur Study Centre