Food Irradiation Anuradha Prakash Chapman University Plant Breeding

Food Irradiation Anuradha Prakash Chapman University

Plant Breeding Pathogen Reduction Sterile Insect Technology Sprout Inhibition Insect Disinfestation Shelf-life Extension

Direct and indirect effects of ionizing radiation http: //www. mapfre. com/fundacion/html/revistas/seguridad/n 134/en/article 2. html

Effects on food components • Water: solvated electrons, hydrogen atoms, hydroxyl radicals https: //www. ceessentials. net/article 3. html • Proteins: peptide radicals leading to fragmentation and re-aggregation, limited denaturation • Carbohydrates: depolymerization of chains • Lipids: autoxidation

Susceptibility Mammals > Insects > Single Celled Organisms > Viruses www. radiation-scott. org/radsource/4341 -3. gif www. molecularexpressions. com

Effect on quality • Cold treatment • Dependent on – Dose – Food – Microbial load – Temperature – Storage conditions – Packaging

Sweet cherries, Day 27 Control MB Irradiation IMAP MBMAP

commercial storage stored at 3 C Navel oranges following 28 -day commercial storage or 3°C Control 0. 2 KGy 0. 4 KGy 0. 6 KGy

Food Uses Dose Purpose Examples 0. 05 -0. 15 k. Gy Inhibit sprouting Garlic, onions, potatoes 0. 15 -0. 40 k. Gy Insect disinfestation Mangoes, dragon fruit, rambutan, lychees, capsicum, etc 1. 0 - 7. 0 k. Gy Shelf-life extension, pathogen reduction Ground beef, frozen frog legs 7. 0 -25. 0 k. Gy Pathogen reduction Spices 44 k. Gy Sterilization NASA meals

Food technologies used by volume (Mt x 10^3) E. Bustos-Griffin et al. , 2015, International Journal of Food Science and Technology

% irradiated food (volume) Kume and Todoriki, 2013, Radioisotopes

Distribution by region Kume and Todoriki, 2013, Radioisotopes

Irradiated foods in Asia Country 2005 2010 Items China 146, 000 India* 1, 600 2, 100 spices, dried vegetables, fruit Indonesia 4, 011 6, 923 cocoa, frozen sea food, spices, other Japan 8, 096 6, 246 potato Korea 5, 394 Malaysia 482 Pakistan Philippines 300 dried vegetables 785 spices, herbs, other 940 pulses, spices, fruits, other 326 Thailand 3, 000 Vietnam 14, 200 Total >200, 000 garlic, spices, grain, meat, health food, other 183, 109 445 spices, dried vegetables, fruits 1, 484*fruits, other 66, 000 frozen sea food, fruits, other 285, 223 Kume and Todoriki, 2013, Radioisotopes

Food Safety Shelf-life extension • • Spices and seasonings Ground beef Noodles Fermented spicy chicken feet / wings Frog legs Dog treats NASA meals Immunocompromised meals

Elimination of Plant Pests International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures • ISPM 18 (2003): GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF IRRADIATION AS A PHYTOSANITARY MEASURE • ISPM 28 (2007): PHYTOSANITARY TREATMENTS FOR REGULATED PESTS

Irradiation as a Phytosanitary Treatment • Commodity non-specific • • Wider range of pests covered Pest mortality not necessary Relatively less toxic to commodity Environmentally friendly

Commercial scale phytosanitary irradiation (US imports) Hawaii: star fruit, papaya, sweet potato Thailand: mangosteen, lychee, rambutan Australia: mango, green peppers, tomatoes, litchi India: mango Vietnam: Dragon fruit, rambutan Philippines: mango Pakistan: mango Mexico: guava, mango, chile manzano, boniato South Africa: grapes, persimmons

http: //foodirradiation. org/pages/produce_import_update. html

Australia and New Zealand History of Exported Irradiated Produce Commodity Season Season Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Mangoes 19 129 201 346 585 1095 620 918 1018 866 1480 Tomatoes 413 430 Capsicums 58 28 Lychees 5 10 20 57 110 15 132 76 29 34 Papaya 12 1 22 Plums 2 Table Grapes 28 598 243 403 695 1110 752 994 TOTALS: 507 1047 900 * Season 7 (2010 -11) growing season adversely affected by severe weather conditions (cyclones) in some parts of Qld Thanks to Murray Lynch, Steritech 1480

Challenges to use of phytosanitary irradiation • No way to validate treatment at POE • Many pest groups still not mitigated (mites, mollusks, nematodes, weeds & weed seeds, lepidoptera adults & pupae) • Effect on food quality • Conventional treatments still in use • Maintaining cold chain • Few irradiation facilities • Regulatory hurdles • Effects of additional handling

Challenges of commercial scale irradiation • Capabilities of the facilities to treat different foods • • • High capital investment, slow and low ROI Relative costs of treatment Harmonization of requirements Labeling Irradiated food MUST be Consumer acceptance labeled

Consumer Acceptance • Consumers respond positively when informed • People buy irradiated food • Focus on the product and its benefits, rather than the technology • Most (but not all) will buy when given the opportunity • Irradiated fruit is a success story

Thank you. Anuradha Prakash Chapman University Orange, California prakash@chapman. edu

Benefits Cold process Food can be processed in final package Leaves no residue Can be combined with other treatments • Enhances safety • Increases shelf-life • Pest-free trade! • •