Food composition in attaining food security Prof Hettie

Food composition in attaining food security Prof Hettie Schönfeldt 27 August The University Club of Western Australia AAUN Forum 2018

Food Security “When all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. . ” FAO, 1996, 2009

Food security and nutrition linkages

Global nutrition perspective Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) • 17 goals with 169 targets • 12 of the 17 goals contain indicators that are highly relevant to nutrition • 155 million children are stunted • 52 million children are wasted • 41 million children are overweight • 2 billion people lack key micronutrients • 2 billion adults are overweight Caused by Interaction of poor diets & unhealthy environments

The prevalence of undernourishment in Africa 2000 -2016 In Africa hunger kills more children than HIVAIDS, malaria and TB combined 2000 2016 Percentage Ethiopia - Addis Ababa University Ghana - University of Ghana Kenya - University of Nairobi Mauritius - University of Mauritius Malawi - University of Malawi Nigeria - University of Ibadan Uganda - Makerere University South Africa - University of Cape has Town, University of Pretoria World 14. 7 11. 5 11. 0 Africa 24. 3 18. 3 20. 0 Northern 6. 8 5. 1 8. 3 Sub. Saharan 28. 1 20. 6 22. 7 Eastern 39. 3 30. 9 33. 9 Western 15. 1 10. 0 11. 5 Middle 37. 4 23. 8 25. 8 Southern 7. 1 6. 7 8. 0 The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, 2017

Australia Adults 66% are overweight or obese Health outcome 33% have high blood pressure 95% of deaths due to NCD’s 32% of total household food expenditure on fast foods high in trans fats South Africa Children 13% of children (1 -5) are overweight or obese Monotonous diet of maize meal and other staples 3% of children are wasted 27% of children are stunted Adults 66% of women and 33% men are overweigh or obese Health outcome 50% have high blood pressure 70% causes of death due to NCD’s Australian Government, 2016 25% children (2 -17 y) are overweight or obese South African Demographic and Health Survey, 2017 Children

Importance of food composition data Food composition data is essential for nearly all activities in nutrition, e. g: ü ü Accurate nutrient intake data of the population/individuals Increased agricultural production policies for nutrient-rich varieties Consumer education Investigating the role of traditional food systems in better nutrition

Importance of food composition data Dietary diversification of nutrient rich foods is globally considered a sustainable food-based strategy to combat malnutrition… …as the nutrient content can differ significantly between varieties of the same food • These differences are both statistically & nutritionally significant, with up to 1000 -fold differences – E. g. consuming 200 g rice per day could either contribute 20%, or more than 50%, of an individuals NRV (Nutrient Reference Value) for protein – Dependent on the variety…

Nutrient variability For critical components variability may impact the sufficiency, deficiency or excess of the intake of a given component or nutrient E. g. 1 large banana can either provide 25µg of ß-carotene …or more than 2 000µg… Ø This can imply the difference between nutrient deficiencies and nutrient adequacy in populations and individuals Banana Variety Edible Portion Water g Energy k. J (kcal) Calcium mg Phos mg Iron mg ß carotene mcg Cavendish 64 74. 4 435 (104) 139 20 0. 8 75 Botoan 57 74. 4 422 (101) 21 27 0. 4 25 Ternatensis 62 66. 3 552 (132) 15 19 0. 9 370 Ternatensis 64 66. 2 560 (134) 11 24 0. 7 325 Tuldoc 76 74. 8 414 (99) 26 28 1. 6 1370 Uht en yap 69. 5 Philippine Food composition tables, 1997 and Englberger et al. 2003 JFCA 2780

Green leafy vegetables Species Protein Magnesiu Calcium Phosphor Iron (mg) Zinc (mg) (g) m (mg) us (mg) Spinach (USDA) 2. 97 3. 57 0. 76 87 136 56 Amaranthus tricolor (misbredie) 3. 51 8. 5 0. 7 105 272 65 Cucurbita maxima (pumkin leaves) 3. 71 15. 7 0. 7 111 350 102 Cleome gynandra (cat's whiskers) 3. 03 3 0. 5 34. 5 151 57 Vigna unguiculata (cowpea leaves) 4. 45 14. 5 1. 0 91. 5 265 110 Corchorus tridens (wild jute) 3. 82 6. 8 1. 3 74. 2 586 138

Food Composition Not only relevant in the context of nutritional deficiencies… but also excesses…

Differences between countries Nutritional quality of South African lamb 120 108 100 80 60 40 25 Own data 20 0 60 Borrowed from USDA 10 % Fat mg Cholesterol 1991 2004

Dietary Choices Cooking method Energy k. J (kcal) Protein g Carbohydrates g Fat g Moisture mg Sodium mg Per 100 g edible portion Boiled (without skin) 318 (1335) 1. 5 15. 5 0. 1 80. 4 2 Baked (without skin) 405 (1701) 2. 0 20. 1 75. 4 5 Fried (without skin) 1277 (5363) 4. 3 35. 1 14. 8 40. 2 198 Condensed food composition tables for South Africa, 2010

Conclusion üNutrient content can vary widely within species therefore the consumption of different varieties or breeds can have a significant impact on nutritional adequacy üDifferences in the nutrient composition within species can have large influence on data interpretation üCultivar specific nutrient data can be the key to devise food based intervention strategies üCapturing nutrient diversity in dietary studies is important to understand the impact of diets on food and nutrition security

rt a t s s k r er a o tw oth ve e n ith l ha n e w wil ica h w ing e Afr y l n ork at w in 2017 o s etw th ugh Rey, i t I n rks hro ryl de la o kt f Che w t a Pro e e r n b The time of tackling problems in isolation is well and truly over. If we want to transform our world, for everyone, we must all stop acting in silos, remembering that people do not live in silos Global Nutrition Report, 2017 Thank you hettie. schonfeldt@up. ac. za