Focal Patch Extension The Focal Patch Extension Phil

Focal. Patch Extension The Focal. Patch Extension Phil Hurvitz Avian Conservation Lab Meeting 8. March. 2002 Phil Hurvitz 2002 1

Focal. Patch Extension Overview • • Phil Hurvitz 2002 Landscape Ecology Landscape Configuration Landscape Ecology Metrics Fragstats Focal Functions in GIS The Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions Fragstats Revisited 2

Focal. Patch Extension Overview • • Phil Hurvitz 2002 Landscape Ecology Landscape Configuration Landscape Ecology Metrics Fragstats Focal Functions in GIS The Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions Fragstats Revisited 3

Focal. Patch Extension Landscape Ecology • Background Landscape ecology emphasizes the interaction between spatial pattern and ecological process -- that is, the causes and consequences of spatial heterogeneity across a range of scales. Two important aspects of landscape ecology distinguish it from other subdisciplines within ecology. First, landscape ecology explicitly addresses the importance of spatial configuration for ecological processes. Not only is landscape ecology concerned with how much there is of a particular component but also with how it is arranged. Second, landscape ecology often focuses upon spatial extents that are much larger than those traditionally studied in ecology. Landscape ecology offers new concepts, theory and methods that are revealing the importance of spatial patterning on the dynamics of interacting ecosystems. http: //ravel. zoology. wisc. edu/mgt/ (Monica G. Turner) Phil Hurvitz 2002 4

Focal. Patch Extension Landscape Ecology • Background, continued • Effect of spatial configuration on ecological process • Ecological process across large spatial scale • GIS must be a central (tool = language = environment) for investigation of landscape ecology issues Phil Hurvitz 2002 5

Focal. Patch Extension Overview • • Phil Hurvitz 2002 Landscape Ecology Landscape Configuration Landscape Ecology Metrics Fragstats Focal Functions in GIS The Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions Fragstats Revisited 6

Focal. Patch Extension Landscape Configuration • Varying configurations occur in both managed and unmanaged areas near Hanford east of Seattle Yakima area Phil Hurvitz 2002 (images from Terraserver) 7

Focal. Patch Extension Landscape Configuration • Different configurations can have very different effects on ecological function • Movement of plants & animals (enhancement or inhibition) • Edge/interior effects, isolation Phil Hurvitz 2002 8

Focal. Patch Extension Landscape Configuration • Understanding landscape configuration and composition is a central problem in management of ecosystems • Loss or maintenance of “natural” (“sustainable”? ) ecological functionality • Configuration and composition affect ecological processes Phil Hurvitz 2002 9

Focal. Patch Extension Landscape Configuration • Varying scale of landscape configuration can have varying effects on different species (image from Fragstats manual) Phil Hurvitz 2002 10

Focal. Patch Extension Overview • • Phil Hurvitz 2002 Landscape Ecology Landscape Configuration Landscape Ecology Metrics Fragstats Focal Functions in GIS The Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions Fragstats Revisited 11

Focal. Patch Extension Landscape Ecology Metrics • Patterns and differences are immediately recognized by the eye + brain • Landscape Ecology Metrics allow these patterns in space to be described quantitatively Phil Hurvitz 2002 12

Focal. Patch Extension Landscape Ecology Metrics • Quantification of patch configuration on the landscape • Central quantitative basis for much analysis & understanding in Landscape Ecology • Attempt to quantify either individual patches, classes, or the entire landscape • Assess continuity, contiguity, or fragmentation of landscape elements Phil Hurvitz 2002 13

Focal. Patch Extension Overview • • Phil Hurvitz 2002 Landscape Ecology Landscape Configuration Landscape Ecology Metrics Fragstats Focal Functions in GIS The Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions Fragstats Revisited 14

Focal. Patch Extension Fragstats • Developed by Kevin Mc. Garigal & Barbara Marks, OSU 1994 • Computer program for calculating a number of patch, class, and landscape ecology metrics • Integrated with ESRI GIS • fragstats. aml from Mc. Garigal & Marks • Arc. View Extension Patch Analyst (Rob Rempel) Phil Hurvitz 2002 15

Focal. Patch Extension Fragstats L. E. Metrics: Classes • • Phil Hurvitz 2002 Area Patch density, patch size & variability Edge Shape Core area Nearest neighbor Diversity Contagion & interspersion 16

Focal. Patch Extension Fragstats • Patch metrics Phil Hurvitz 2002 (image from Fragstats manual) 17

Focal. Patch Extension Fragstats • Class metrics Phil Hurvitz 2002 (image from Fragstats manual) 18

Focal. Patch Extension Fragstats • Landscape metrics Phil Hurvitz 2002 (image from Fragstats manual) 19

Focal. Patch Extension Fragstats L. E. Metrics: Examples • Landscape Similarity Index (LSIM) • For each patch type, LSIM is the proportion (percentage) of the landscape in that class • Indicates the relative dominance of each different class Phil Hurvitz 2002 20

Focal. Patch Extension Fragstats L. E. Metrics: Examples • Edge Contrast Index (EDGECON) • Edge contrast values [0, 1] are specified for each combination of patch types • EDGECON is the sum of (patch perimeters * edge contrast values) • Indicates a “weighted” perimeter Phil Hurvitz 2002 21

Focal. Patch Extension Fragstats L. E. Metrics: Examples • Fractal Dimension • Indication of the convolution of shape for each patch • R: 1 £ FRACT £ 2 • Approaches 1 for simple shapes (circle, square) • Approaches 2 for highly convoluted shapes Phil Hurvitz 2002 22

Focal. Patch Extension Overview • • Phil Hurvitz 2002 Landscape Ecology Landscape Configuration Landscape Ecology Metrics Fragstats Focal Functions in GIS The Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions Fragstats Revisited 23

Focal. Patch Extension Focal Functions in GIS • Processing occurs on a central cell in conjunction with the values associated in its neighborhood • “Moving window” • “Kernel” Phil Hurvitz 2002 24

Focal. Patch Extension Focal Functions in GIS • Example of the focal mean function Phil Hurvitz 2002 25

Focal. Patch Extension Focal Functions in GIS • Arc. Info & Arc. View focal functions are all “basic” statistical Phil Hurvitz 2002 26

Focal. Patch Extension Overview • • Phil Hurvitz 2002 Landscape Ecology Landscape Configuration Landscape Ecology Metrics Fragstats Focal Functions in GIS The Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions Fragstats Revisited 27

Focal. Patch Extension • Application of focal processing on land cover grids • Instead of using Arc. Info focal statistics, calculates Fragstats Landscape Ecology metrics on a focal basis Phil Hurvitz 2002 28

Focal. Patch Extension • New Arc. View 3. x extension Phil Hurvitz 2002 29

Focal. Patch Extension • Creates point features Phil Hurvitz 2002 30

Focal. Patch Extension • Creates CWED file Phil Hurvitz 2002 31

Focal. Patch Extension • Runs on points Phil Hurvitz 2002 32

Focal. Patch Extension Phil Hurvitz 2002 33

Focal. Patch Extension • Output files Phil Hurvitz 2002 34

Focal. Patch Extension • On a cell-by-cell basis • Creates a point feature at the cell center • Extracts the region in a user-specified radius around the point • Calculates landscape metrics for that circle • Places metrics back into point attribute table Phil Hurvitz 2002 35

Focal. Patch Extension • Extract circle from habitat grid at userdefined radius Phil Hurvitz 2002 36

Focal. Patch Extension • Calculate landscape metrics Phil Hurvitz 2002 Rempel’s interface Rempel’s batch script 37

Focal. Patch Extension • Calculates landscape metrics • Values represent the landscape metrics for the focal region around the central cell Phil Hurvitz 2002 38

Focal. Patch Extension • Points can be used for interpolation of surfaces • Surfaces can represent any of the landscape metrics Phil Hurvitz 2002 39

Focal. Patch Extension Overview • • Phil Hurvitz 2002 Landscape Ecology Landscape Configuration Landscape Ecology Metrics Fragstats Focal Functions in GIS The Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions Fragstats Revisited 40

Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions • Some animal species respond to large regions of landscapes • Typical animal-landscape relationships are explored either by point processes or by land cover types • Is there a relationship between landscape metrics and actual animal usage of landscape? • Which landscape characteristics do animals respond to ? Phil Hurvitz 2002 41

Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions utilization distribution (UD) limit processing to UD Phil Hurvitz 2002 42

Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions utilization distribution Phil Hurvitz 2002 contrast-weighted edge surface 43

Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions • Regression techniques will be used to determine strength of relationship between utilization and landscape metrics • Multiple regression • Raster regression within GRID Phil Hurvitz 2002 44

Focal. Patch Extension Overview • • Phil Hurvitz 2002 Landscape Ecology Landscape Configuration Landscape Ecology Metrics Fragstats Focal Functions in GIS The Focal. Patch Extension Patch Metrics and Utilization Distributions Fragstats Revisited 45

Focal. Patch Extension Fragstats Revisited • Version 3 of Fragstats: “ Analysis Type. –Chose between “standard” and “moving window” Moving Window. --If moving window mode is selected, then FRAGSTATS will conduct a moving window analysis and output a separate grid for each metric selected. ” Phil Hurvitz 2002 46

Focal. Patch Extension Fragstats Revisited • Does Fragstats v. 3 actually perform moving window analysis? Phil Hurvitz 2002 47

Focal. Patch Extension Final Question • Given that Fragstats v. 3 might perform focal analysis of landscape data, is it worth it to continue development of an Arc. View 3. X interface for focal Fragstats analysis? • What are the benefits of having this within the Arc. View environment? • Can this be considered original work? Phil Hurvitz 2002 48