Fluid mechanics 500 101 Fluid mechanics 500 101

Fluid mechanics 500. 101

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 SOLIDS: Strain is related to stress. For Hookean or linear elastic solids σ=Eε, where ε is strain E is Young’s modulus σ is stress (force/area) FLUIDS: Strain rate is related to shear stress. For Newtonian fluids τ = μ du/dy, where τ is shear stress, μ is viscosity du/dy is velocity gradient

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Viscosity behavior of fluids Newtonian. Shear thickening. Shear thinning. Thixotropic. Bingham plastic Magnetorheological fluid

Fluid mechanics 500. 101

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 EQUATIONS Momentum Continuity

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 BERNOULLI EQUATION

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Dimensionless quantities Reynolds Re LV/ν Inertial force/viscous force Rossby Ro V/(2 LΩ sin θ) Inertial force/Coriolis force [Drag coefficient] Cd (ρ’-ρ)Lg/(ρ’V 2) Drag force/inertial force

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Oceanography Meteorology Aeronautics Biomedical fluid mechanics Convective heat transfer Turbulence Acoustics Powerless pump Other. . .

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Oceanography

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Meteorology

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Biomedical fluids

Fluid mechanics 500. 101

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Aeronautics

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Turbulence

Fluid mechanics 500. 101

Fluid mechanics 500. 101

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Water delivery

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Acoustics

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 RECORD FUEL PRICES PLACE STRESS ON OCEAN SHIPPING May 2, 2008 Shipping lines worldwide are struggling as crude oil prices topped an unprecedented US$119 per barrel this week, in turn pushing marine bunker fuel prices up past $552 per ton – a $26 per ton increase since the end of March alone. Bunker prices have risen 87% since the beginning of 2007. Fuel costs represent as much as 50 -60% of total ship operating costs, depending on the type of ship and service. . With the cost of bunker fuel at $552 per ton, with fuel consumption at 217 tons per day, and a 14 day voyage, a single round trip voyage for this one vessel would produce a fuel bill of $3, 353, 952.

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Sky. Sails flies 100 -500 m above sea surface Generates about 1. 5 hp/m 2 Largest offering 5000 m 2 Estimated fuel saving Rotterdam/NY 27%

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Convective cooling

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Engines

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Water jet cutter with injected abrasive (40 K psi)

Fluid mechanics 500. 101 Power generation from ocean waves