Fluent User Services Center www fluentusers com Introductory

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Fluent Overview 3 -1 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Starting Fluent u u From the class web page, go to Fluent Materials. Download the case, data and mesh files posted there. Go to Start->Programs->Fluent. Inc and choose Fluent 6. 1. Choose the 2 ddp solver. From the File menu, choose Read Case/Data. Read the case and data files elbow. cas and elbow. dat. If you specify the name “elbow” Fluent will read both automatically. Explore Fluent’s menu structure using this presentation as a guide. 3 -2 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Solver Basics 3 -3 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Solver Execution u Solver Execution: l Menu is laid out such that order of operation is generally left to right. n n n n n l Import and scale mesh file. Select physical models. Define material properties. Prescribe operating conditions. Prescribe boundary conditions. Provide an initial solution. Set solver controls. Set up convergence monitors. Compute and monitor solution. Post-Processing n n Feedback into Solver Engineering Analysis 3 -4 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Inputs to the Solver u GUI commands have a corresponding TUI command. l l l u Advanced commands are only available through TUI. ‘Enter’ displays command set at current level. ‘q’ moves up one level. Journal/Transcript write capability. 3 -5 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Mouse Functionality u Mouse button functionality depends on solver and can be configured in the solver. Display Mouse Buttons. . . u Default Settings: l 2 D Solver n n n l Left button translates (dolly) Middle button zooms Right button selects/probes 3 D Solver n n Left button rotates about 2 -axes Middle button zooms s n u Middle click on point in screen centers point in window Right button selects/probes Retrieve detailed flow field information at point with Probe enabled. l Right click on grid display. 3 -6 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Reading Mesh: Mesh Components u Components are defined in preprocessor l Cell = control volume into which domain is broken up n l l node cell center face computational domain is defined by mesh that represents the fluid and solid regions of interest. cell Simple 2 D mesh Face = boundary of a cell Edge = boundary of a face Node = grid point Zone = grouping of nodes, faces, and/or cells n n Boundary data assigned to face zones. Material data and source terms assigned to cell zones. 3 -7 node edge face cell Simple 3 D mesh © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Reading Mesh: Zones Orifice_plate and orifice_plate-shadow orifice (interior) outlet wall inlet u Fluid (cell zone) Example: Face and cell zones associated with Pipe Flow through orifice plate. Default-interior is zone of internal cell faces (not used). 3 -8 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Scaling Mesh and Units u All physical dimensions initially assumed to be in meters. l u Scale grid accordingly. Other quantities can also be scaled independent of other units used. l Fluent defaults to SI units. 3 -9 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Material Types and Property Definition u u Physical models may require inclusion of additional materials and dictates which properties need to be defined. Material properties defined in Materials Panel. l Single-Phase, Single Species Flows n n l Define fluid/solid properties Real gas model (NIST’s REFPROP) Multiple Species (Single Phase) Flows n Mixture Material concept employed s s n PDF Mixture Material concept s s l Mixture properties (composition dependent) defined separately from constituent’s properties. Constituent properties must be defined. PDF lookup table used for mixture properties. – Transport properties for mixture defined separately. Constituent properties extracted from database. Multiple Phase Flows (Single Species) n Define properties for all fluids and solids. 3 -10 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Material Assignment u Materials are assigned to cell zone where assignment method depends upon models selected: l Single-Phase, Single Species Flows n l Multiple Species (Single Phase) Flows n n l Assign material to fluid zone(s) in Fluid Panel. Assign mixture material to fluid zones in Species Model Panel or in Pre-PDF. All fluid zones consist of ‘mixture’. Multiple Phase Flows (Single Species) n Primary and secondary phases selected in Phases Panel. s n from Define menu All fluid zones consist of ‘mixture’. 3 -11 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Post-Processing u u Many post-processing tools are available. Post-Processing functions typically operate on surfaces. l l Surfaces are automatically created from zones. Additional surfaces can be created. u 3 -12 Example: an Iso-Surface of constant grid coordinate can be created for viewing data within a plane. © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Post-Processing: Node Values u u Fluent calculates field variable data at cell centers. Node values of the grid are either: l l u u Node values on surfaces are interpolated from grid node data files store: l l u calculated as the average of neighboring cell data, or, defined explicitly (when available) with boundary condition data at cell centers node value data for primitive variables at boundary nodes. Enable Node Values to interpolate field data to nodes. 3 -13 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Reports u Flux Reports l l u Surface Integrals l u Net flux is calculated. Total Heat Transfer Rate includes radiation. slightly less accurate on user-generated surfaces due to interpolation error. Volume Integrals Examples: 3 -14 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Solver Enhancements: Grid Adaption u u Grid adaption adds more cells where needed to resolve the flow field without pre-processor. Fluent adapts on cells listed in register. l Registers can be defined based on: n n n l Gradients of flow or user-defined variables Iso-values of flow or user-defined variables All cells on a boundary All cells in a region Cell volumes or volume changes y+ in cells adjacent to walls To assist adaption process, you can: n n Combine adaption registers Draw contours of adaption function Display cells marked for adaption Limit adaption based on cell size and number of cells: 3 -15 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Adaption Example: 2 D Planar Shell u Adapt grid in regions of high pressure gradient to better resolve pressure jump across the shock. 2 D planar shell - initial grid 2 D planar shell - contours of pressure initial grid 3 -16 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Adaption Example: Final Grid and Solution 2 D planar shell - final grid 2 D planar shell - contours of pressure final grid 3 -17 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Solver Enhancements: Parallel Solver u u With 2 or more processes, Fluent can be run on multiple processors. Can run on a dedicated, multiprocessor machine, or a network of machines. Mesh can be partitioned manually or automatically. Some models not yet ported to parallel solver. l See release notes. Partitioned grid for multi-element airfoil. 3 -18 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Boundary Conditions 3 -19 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Defining Boundary Conditions u To define a problem that results in a unique solution, you must specify information on the dependent (flow) variables at the domain boundaries. l u Defining boundary conditions involves: l l u u Specifying fluxes of mass, momentum, energy, etc. into domain. identifying the location of the boundaries (e. g. , inlets, walls, symmetry) supplying information at the boundaries The data required at a boundary depends upon the boundary condition type and the physical models employed. You must be aware of the information that is required of the boundary condition and locate the boundaries where the information on the flow variables are known or can be reasonably approximated. l Poorly defined boundary conditions can have a significant impact on your solution. 3 -20 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Available Boundary Condition Types u Boundary Condition Types of External Faces l l l u Boundary Condition Types of Cell ‘Boundaries’ l u General: Pressure inlet, Pressure outlet Incompressible: Velocity inlet, Outflow Compressible flows: Mass flow inlet, Pressure far-field Special: Inlet vent, outlet vent, intake fan, exhaust fan Other: Wall, Symmetry, Periodic, Axis outlet inlet wall Fluid and Solid Boundary Condition Types of Double-Sided Face ‘Boundaries’ l interior Fan, Interior, Porous Jump, Radiator, Walls 3 -21 Orifice_plate and orifice_plateshadow © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Changing Boundary Condition Types u u Zones and zone types are initially defined in pre-processor. To change zone type for a particular zone: Define Boundary Conditions. . . l Choose the zone in Zone list. n l Can also select boundary zone using right mouse button in Display Grid window. Select new zone type in Type list. 3 -22 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Setting Boundary Condition Data u Explicitly assign data in BC panels. l To set boundary conditions for particular zone: n n l u u Boundary condition data can be copied from one zone to another. Boundary condition data can be stored and retrieved from file. l u Choose the zone in Zone list. Click Set. . . button file write-bc and file read-bc Boundary conditions can also be defined by UDFs and Profiles can be generated by: l l Writing a profile from another CFD simulation Creating an appropriately formatted text file with boundary condition data. 3 -23 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Velocity Inlet u Specify Velocity by: l l l u u Velocity profile is uniform by default Intended for incompressible flows. l l l u Magnitude, Normal to Boundary Components Magnitude and Direction Static pressure adjusts to accommodate prescribed velocity distribution. Total (stagnation) properties of flow also varies. Using in compressible flows can lead to non-physical results. Can be used as an outlet by specifying negative velocity. l You must ensure that mass conservation is satisfied if multiple inlets are used. 3 -24 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com u Pressure Inlet (1) Specify: l Total Gauge Pressure n n Defines energy to drive flow. Doubles as back pressure (static gauge) for cases where back flow occurs. s l n Static pressure where flow is locally supersonic; ignored if subsonic Will be used if flow field is initialized from this boundary. Compressible flows: Total Temperature n l Direction of back flow determined from interior solution. Static Gauge Pressure n l Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Used as static temperature for incompressible flow. Incompressible flows: Inlet Flow Direction 3 -25 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Pressure Inlet (2) u Note: Gauge pressure inputs are required. l l u Suitable for compressible and incompressible flows. l l l u Operating pressure input is set under: Define Operating Conditions Pressure inlet boundary is treated as loss-free transition from stagnation to inlet conditions. Fluent calculates static pressure and velocity at inlet Mass flux through boundary varies depending on interior solution and specified flow direction. Can be used as a “free” boundary in an external or unconfined flow. 3 -26 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Pressure Outlet u Specify static gauge pressure l l l u Backflow l l u Can occur at pressure outlet during iterations or as part of final solution. Backflow direction is assumed to be normal to the boundary. Backflow boundary data must be set for all transport variables. Convergence difficulties minimized by realistic values for backflow quantities. Suitable for compressible and incompressible flows l u Interpreted as static pressure of environment into which flow exhausts. Radial equilibrium pressure distribution option available. Doubles as inlet pressure (total gauge) for cases where backflow occurs. Pressure is ignored if flow is locally supersonic. Can be used as a “free” boundary in an external or unconfined flow. 3 -27 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Outflow u No pressure or velocity information is required. l l u Flow exiting Outflow boundary exhibits zero normal diffusive flux for all flow variables. l u Data at exit plane is extrapolated from interior. Mass balance correction is applied at boundary. Appropriate where exit flow is close to fully developed condition. Intended for incompressible flows. l Cannot be used with a Pressure Inlet; must use velocity inlet. n l u Combination does not uniquely set pressure gradient over whole domain. Cannot be used for unsteady flows with variable density. Poor rate of convergence when back flow occurs during iteration. l Cannot be used if back flow is expected in final solution. 3 -28 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Wall Boundaries u u Used to bound fluid and solid regions. In viscous flows, no-slip condition enforced at walls: l l l u Thermal boundary conditions: l l u several types available Wall material and thickness can be defined for 1 -D or shell conduction heat transfer calculations. Wall roughness can be defined for turbulent flows. l u Tangential fluid velocity equal to wall velocity. Normal velocity component = 0 Shear stress can also be specified. Wall shear stress and heat transfer based on local flow field. Translational or rotational velocity can be assigned to wall. 3 -29 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Symmetry and Axis Boundaries u Symmetry Boundary l l l Used to reduce computational effort in problem. No inputs required. Flow field and geometry must be symmetric: n n n l u Zero normal velocity at symmetry plane Zero normal gradients of all variables at symmetry plane Must take care to correctly define symmetry boundary locations. Can be used to model slip walls in viscous flow symmetry planes Axis Boundary l l Used at centerline for 2 D axisymmetric problems. No inputs required. 3 -30 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Periodic Boundaries u u u Used to reduce computational effort in problem. Flow field and geometry must be either translationally or rotationally periodic. For rotationally periodic boundaries: l l u p = 0 across periodic planes. Axis of rotation must be defined in fluid zone. Rotationally periodic planes For translationally periodic boundaries: l p can be finite across periodic planes. n n n Models fully developed conditions. Specify either mean p period or net mass flow rate. Periodic boundaries defined in Gambit are translational. 3 -31 flow Translationally periodic planes 2 D tube heat exchanger © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Cell Zones: Fluid u u Fluid zone = group of cells for which all active equations are solved. Fluid material input required. l u Optional inputs allow setting of source terms: l u u Single species, phase. mass, momentum, energy, etc. Define fluid zone as laminar flow region if modeling transitional flow. Can define zone as porous media. Define axis of rotation for rotationally periodic flows. Can define motion for fluid zone. 3 -32 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Cell Zones: Solid u “Solid” zone = group of cells for which only heat conduction problem solved. l l u Only required input is material type l u u u No flow equations solved Material being treated as solid may actually be fluid, but it is assumed that no convection takes place. So appropriate material properties used. Optional inputs allow you to set volumetric heat generation rate (heat source). Need to specify rotation axis if rotationally periodic boundaries adjacent to solid zone. Can define motion for solid zone 3 -33 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Solver Settings 3 -34 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Solution Procedure Overview u Solution Parameters l l u u Choosing the Solver Discretization Schemes Initialize the solution Initialization Convergence l l n l Enable the solution monitors of interest Monitoring Convergence Stability n u Set the solution parameters Calculate a solution Setting Under-relaxation Setting Courant number Accelerating Convergence Check for convergence No Yes Accuracy l l Grid Independence Adaption Modify solution parameters or grid Check for accuracy No Yes Stop 3 -35 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Choosing a Solver u u Choices are Coupled-Implicit, Coupled-Explicit, or Segregated (Implicit) The Coupled solvers are recommended if a strong inter-dependence exists between density, energy, momentum, and/or species. l l e. g. , high speed compressible flow or finite-rate reaction modeled flows. In general, the Coupled-Implicit solver is recommended over the coupled-explicit solver. n n l The Coupled-Explicit solver should only be used for unsteady flows when the characteristic time scale of problem is on same order as that of the acoustics. n u Time required: Implicit solver runs roughly twice as fast. Memory required: Implicit solver requires roughly twice as much memory as coupledexplicit or segregated-implicit solvers! e. g. , tracking transient shock wave The Segregated (implicit) solver is preferred in all other cases. l l Lower memory requirements than coupled-implicit solver. Segregated approach provides flexibility in solution procedure. 3 -36 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Discretization (Interpolation Methods) u u Field variables (stored at cell centers) must be interpolated to the faces of the control volumes in the FVM: FLUENT offers a number of interpolation schemes: l First-Order Upwind Scheme n l Power Law Scheme n l more accurate than first-order for flows when Recell< 5 (typ. low Re flows). Second-Order Upwind Scheme n l easiest to converge, only first order accurate. uses larger ‘stencil’ for 2 nd order accuracy, essential with tri/tet mesh or when flow is not aligned with grid; slower convergence Quadratic Upwind Interpolation (QUICK) n applies to quad/hex and hyrbid meshes (not applied to tri’s), useful for rotating/swirling flows, 3 rd order accurate on uniform mesh. 3 -37 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Interpolation Methods for Pressure u u Additional interpolation options are available for calculating face pressure when using the segregated solver. FLUENT interpolation schemes for Face Pressure: l l l Standard n default scheme; reduced accuracy for flows exhibiting large surface-normal pressure gradients near boundaries. Linear n use when other options result in convergence difficulties or unphysical behavior. Second-Order n use for compressible flows; not to be used with porous media, jump, fans, etc. or VOF/Mixture multiphase models. Body Force Weighted n use when body forces are large, e. g. , high Ra natural convection or highly swirling flows. PRESTO! n use on highly swirling flows, flows involving porous media, or strongly curved domains. 3 -38 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Pressure-Velocity Coupling u u Pressure-Velocity Coupling refers to the way mass continuity is accounted for when using the segregated solver. Three methods available: l SIMPLE n l SIMPLEC n l default scheme, robust Allows faster convergence for simple problems (e. g. , laminar flows with no physical models employed). PISO n useful for unsteady flow problems or for meshes containing cells with higher than average skew. 3 -39 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Initialization u Iterative procedure requires that all solution variables be initialized before calculating a solution. Solve Initialize. . . l l Realistic ‘guesses’ improves solution stability and accelerates convergence. In some cases, correct initial guess is required: n u Example: high temperature region to initiate chemical reaction. “Patch” values for individual variables in certain regions. Solve Initialize Patch. . . l l Free jet flows (patch high velocity for jet) Combustion problems (patch high temperature for ignition) 3 -40 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Convergence Preliminaries: Residuals u Transport equation for f can be presented in simple form: l l u Coefficients ap, anb typically depend upon the solution. Coefficients updated each iteration. At the start of each iteration, the above equality will not hold. l l l The imbalance is called the residual, Rp, where: Rp should become negligible as iterations increase. The residuals that you monitor are summed over all cells: n n u By default, the monitored residuals are scaled. You can also normalize the residuals. Residuals monitored for the coupled solver are based on the rms value of the time rate of change of the conserved variable. l Only for coupled equations; additional scalar equations use segregated definition. 3 -41 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Convergence u At convergence: l l l u All discrete conservation equations (momentum, energy, etc. ) are obeyed in all cells to a specified tolerance. Solution no longer changes with more iterations. Overall mass, momentum, energy, and scalar balances are obtained. Monitoring convergence with residuals: l Generally, a decrease in residuals by 3 orders of magnitude indicates at least qualitative convergence. n l l u Major flow features established. Scaled energy residual must decrease to 10 -6 for segregated solver. Scaled species residual may need to decrease to 10 -5 to achieve species balance. Monitoring quantitative convergence: l l Monitor other variables for changes. Ensure that property conservation is satisfied. 3 -42 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Convergence Monitors: Residuals u Residual plots show when the residual values have reached the specified tolerance. Solve Monitors Residual. . . All equations converged. 10 -3 10 -6 3 -43 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Convergence Monitors: Forces/Surfaces u In addition to residuals, you can also monitor: l l Lift, drag, or moment Solve Monitors Force. . . Variables or functions (e. g. , surface integrals) at a boundary or any defined surface: Solve Monitors Surface. . . 3 -44 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Checking for Property Conservation u In addition to monitoring residual and variable histories, you should also check for overall heat and mass balances. l At a minimum, the net imbalance should be less than 1% of smallest flux through domain boundary. Report Fluxes. . . 3 -45 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Decreasing the Convergence Tolerance u If your monitors indicate that the solution is converged, but the solution is still changing or has a large mass/heat imbalance: l l Reduce Convergence Criterion or disable Check Convergence. Then calculate until solution converges to the new tolerance. 3 -46 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Convergence Difficulties u Numerical instabilities can arise with an ill-posed problem, poor quality mesh, and/or inappropriate solver settings. l l l u Exhibited as increasing (diverging) or “stuck” residuals. Diverging residuals imply increasing imbalance in conservation equations. Unconverged results can be misleading! Troubleshooting: l l l Ensure problem is well posed. Compute an initial solution with a first-order discretization scheme. Decrease under-relaxation for equations having convergence trouble (segregated). Reduce Courant number (coupled). Re-mesh or refine grid with high aspect ratio or highly skewed cells. 3 -47 Continuity equation convergence trouble affects convergence of all equations. © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020

Fluent User Services Center www. fluentusers. com Introductory FLUENT Notes FLUENT v 6. 0 Jan 2002 Modifying Under-relaxation Factors u u Under-relaxation factor, , is included to stabilize the iterative process for the segregated solver. Use default under-relaxation factors to start a calculation. Solve Controls Solution. . . u Decreasing under-relaxation for momentum often aids convergence. l l u Default settings are aggressive but suitable for wide range of problems. ‘Appropriate’ settings best learned from experience. For coupled solvers, under-relaxation factors for equations outside coupled set are modified as in segregated solver. 3 -48 © Fluent Inc. 10/24/2020