Fluent Software Training TRN98 006 Modeling Multiphase Flows

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Modeling Multiphase Flows 1 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Outline u u Definitions; Examples of flow regimes Description of multiphase models in FLUENT 5 and FLUENT 4. 5 How to choose the correct model for your application Summary and guidelines 2 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Definitions u Multiphase flow is simultaneous flow of l l u Matters with different phases( i. e. gas, liquid or solid). Matters with different chemical substances but with the same phase (i. e. liquid-liquid like oil-water). Primary and secondary phases l One of the phases is considered continuous (primary) and others (secondary) are considered to be dispersed within the continuous phase. n u A diameter has to be assigned for each secondary phase to calculate its interaction (drag) with the primary phase (except for VOF model). Dilute phase vs. Dense phase; l Refers to the volume fraction of secondary phase(s) n Volume fraction of a phase = Volume of the phase in a cell/domain Volume of the cell/domain 3 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Flow Regimes u Multiphase flow can be classified by the following regimes: l l l Bubbly flow: Discrete gaseous or fluid bubbles in a continuous fluid Droplet flow: Discrete fluid droplets in a continuous gas Particle-laden flow: Discrete solid particles in a continuous fluid Slug flow: Large bubbles (nearly filling cross-section) in a continuous fluid Annular flow: Continuous fluid along walls, gas in center Stratified/free-surface flow: Immiscible fluids separated by a clearly-defined interface 4 slug flow annular flow bubbly flow droplet flow particle-laden flow free-surface flow © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Flow Regimes u User must know a priori what the flow field looks like: l Flow regime, n bubbly flow , slug flow, etc. s l l l Model one flow regime at a time. – Multiple flow regime can be predicted if they are predicted by one model e. g. slug flow and annular flow may coexist since both are predicted by VOF model. turbulent or laminar, dilute or dense, bubble or particle diameter (mainly for drag considerations). 5 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Multiphase Models u Four models for multiphase flows currently available in structured FLUENT 4. 5 l Lagrangian dispersed phase model (DPM) l Eulerian model l Eulerian Granular model l Volume of fluid (VOF) model u Unstructured FLUENT 5 l Lagrangian dispersed phase model (DPM) l Volume of fluid model (VOF) l Algebraic Slip Mixture Model (ASMM) l Cavitation Model 6 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Dispersed Phase Model 7 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Dispersed Phase Model u Appropriate for modeling particles, droplets, or bubbles dispersed (at low volume fraction; less than 10%) in continuous fluid phase: l l l u u u Spray dryers Coal and liquid fuel combustion Some particle-laden flows Computes trajectories of particle (or droplet or bubble) streams in continuous phase. Computes heat, mass, and momentum transfer between dispersed and continuous phases. Neglects particle-particle interaction. Particle trajectories in a spray dryer Particles loading can be as high as fluid loading Computes steady and unsteady (FLUENT 5) particle tracks. 8 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Particle Trajectory Calculations u Particle trajectories computed by solving equations of motion of the particle in Lagrangian reference frame: where represents additional forces due to: l virtual mass and pressure gradients l rotating reference frames l temperature gradients l Brownian motion (FLUENT 5) l Saffman lift (FLUENT 5) l user defined 9 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Coupling Between Phases u One-Way Coupling Fluid phase influences particulate phase via drag and turbulence transfer. l Particulate phase have no influence on the gas phase. Two-Way Coupling l Fluid phase influences particulate phase via drag and turbulence transfer. l Particulate phase influences fluid phase via source terms of mass, momentum, and energy. l Examples include: l u n n n Inert particle heating and cooling Droplet evaporation Droplet boiling Devolatilization Surface combustion 10 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 DPM: Calculation Procedure u To determine impact of dispersed phase on continuous phase flow field, coupled calculation procedure is used: continuous phase flow field calculation interphase heat, mass, and momentum exchange particle trajectory calculation u Procedure is repeated until both flow fields are unchanged. 11 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Turbulent Dispersion of Particles u Dispersion of particle due to turbulent fluctuations in the flow can be modeled using either: l Discrete Random Walk Tracking (stochastic approach) l Particle Cloud Tracking 12 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 User Defined Function Access in DPM u User defined functions (UDF’s) are provided for access to the discrete phase model. Functions are provided for user defined: l l l l drag external force laws for reacting particles and droplets customized switching between laws FLUENT 5 output for sample planes erosion/accretion rates access to particle definition at injection time scalars associated with each particle and access at each particle time step (possible to integrate scalar variables over life of particle) 13 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Eulerian-Eulerian Multiphase Model FLUENT 4. 5 10 s 70 s 120 s Becker et al. 1992 water air Locally Aerated Bubble Column 14 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Eulerian Multiphase Model u Appropriate for modeling gas-liquid or liquid-liquid flows (droplets or bubbles of secondary phase(s) dispersed in continuous fluid phase (primary phase)) where: l l Phases mix or separate Bubble/droplet volume fractions from 0 to 100% n n u Evaporation Boiling Separators Aeration Volume fraction of water Stream function contours for water Boiling water in a container Inappropriate for modeling stratified or free-surface flows. 15 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Eulerian Multiphase Model u u u Solves momentum, enthalpy, continuity, and species equations for each phase and tracks volume fractions. Uses a single pressure field for all phases. Interaction between mean flow field of phases is expressed in terms of a drag, virtual and lift forces. l l l Several formulations for drag is provided. Alternative drag laws can be formulated via UDS. Other forces can be applied through UDS. 16 Gas sparger in a mixing tank: contours of volume fraction with velocity vectors © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Eulerian Multiphase Model u Can solve for multiple species and homogeneous reactions in each phase. l Heterogeneous reactions can be done through UDS. u Allows for heat and mass transfer between phases. u Turbulence models for dilute and dense phase regimes. 17 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Mass Transfer u Evaporation/Condensation. l For liquid temperatures saturation temperature, evaporation rate: l For vapor temperatures saturation temperature, condensation rate: l User specifies saturation temperature and, if desired, “time relaxation parameters” rl and rv. (Wen Ho Lee (1979)) u Unidirectional mass transfer, is constant u User Defined Subroutine for mass transfer 18 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Eulerian Multiphase Model: Turbulence u u Time averaging is needed to obtain smoothed quantities from the space averaged instantaneous equations. Two methods available for modeling turbulence in multiphase flows within context of standard k- model: l Dispersed turbulence model (default) appropriate when both of these conditions are met: n Number of phases is limited to two: s s n l u Continuous (primary) phase Dispersed (secondary) phase Secondary phase must be dilute. Secondary turbulence model appropriate for turbulent multiphase flows involving more than two phases or a non-dilute secondary phase. Choice of model depends on importance of secondary-phase turbulence in your application. 19 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model: FLUENT 4. 5 Volume fraction of air 2 D fluidized bed with a central jet 20 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model: u u Extension of Eulerian-Eulerian model for flow of granular particles (secondary phases) in a fluid (primary)phase Appropriate for modeling: l l l Fluidized beds Risers Pneumatic lines Hoppers, standpipes Particle-laden flows in which: n u Phases mix or separate Granular volume fractions can vary from 0 to packing limit Solid velocity profiles Contours of solid volume fraction Circulating fluidized bed, Tsuo and Gidaspow (1990). 21 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model: Overview u u The fluid phase must be assigned as the primary phase. Multiple solid phase can be used to represent size distribution. Can calculate granular temperature (solids fluctuating energy) for each solid phase. Calculates a solids pressure field for each solid phase. l l u All phases share fluid pressure field. Solids pressure controls the solids packing limit Solids pressure, granular temperature conductivity, shear and bulk viscosity can be derived based on several kinetic theory formulations. n n n Gidaspow Syamlal Sinclair -good for dense fluidized bed applications -good for a wide range of applications -good for dilute and dense pneumatic transport lines and risers 22 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model u Frictional viscosity pushes the limit into the plastic regime. l u Several choice of drag laws: l u u Hoppers, standpipes Drag laws can be modified using UDS. Heat transfer between phases is the same as in Eulerian/Eulerian multiphase model. Only unidirectional mass transfer model is available. l l Rate of mass transfer can be modified using UDS. Homogeneous reaction can be modeled. n u u u Heterogeneous reaction can be modeled using UDS. Can solve for enthalpy and multiple species for each phase. Physically based models for solid momentum and granular temperature boundary conditions at the wall. Turbulence treatment is the same as in Eulerian-Eulerian model l Sinclair model provides additional turbulence model for solid phase 23 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Algebraic Slip Mixture Model FLUENT 5 Courtesy of Fuller Company 24 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Algebraic Slip Mixture Model u Can substitute for Eulerian/Eulerian, Eulerian/Granular and Dispersed phase models Efficiently for Two phase flow problems: l l l u Fluid/fluid separation or mixing: Sedimentation of uniform size particles in liquid. Flow of single size particles in a Cyclone. Applicable to relatively small particles (<50 microns) and low volume fraction (<10%) when primary phase density is much smaller than the secondary phase density. l Air-water separation in a Tee junction Water volume fraction If possible, always choose the fluid with higher density as the primary phase. 25 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 ASMM u u Solves for the momentum and the continuity equations of the mixture. Solves for the transport of volume fraction of secondary phase. Uses an algebraic relation to calculate the slip velocity between phases. It can be used for steady and unsteady flow. is the drag function 26 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Oil-Water Separation Fluent 5 Results with ASMM Fluent v 4. 5 Eulerian Multiphase 27 Courtesy of Arco Exploration & Production Technology Dr. Martin de Tezanos Pinto © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Cavitation Model ( Fluent 5) u u u Predicts cavitation inception and approximate extension of cavity bubble. Solves for the momentum equation of the mixture Solves for the continuity equation of the mixture Assumes no slip velocity between the phases Solves for the transport of volume fraction of vapor phase. l u Approximates the growth of the cavitation bubble using Rayleigh equation Needs improvement: l ability to predict collapse of cavity bubbles n n Needs to solve for enthalpy equation and thermodynamic properties Solve for change of bubble size 28 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Cavitation model 29 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 VOF Model 30 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Volume of Fluid Model u Appropriate for flow where Immiscible fluids have a clearly defined interface. l u Typical problems: l l u Shape of the interface is of interest Jet breakup Motion of large bubbles in a liquid Motion of liquid after a dam break (shown at right) Steady or transient tracking of any liquid -gas interface Inappropriate for: l Flows involving small (compared to a control volume) bubbles n Bubble columns 31 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Volume Fraction u Assumes that each control volume contains just one phase (or the interface between phases). l u For volume fraction of kth fluid, three conditions are possible: n k = 0 if cell is empty (of the kth fluid) n k = 1 if cell is full (of the kth fluid) n 0 < k < 1 if cell contains the interface between the fluids Tracking of interface(s) between phases is accomplished by solution of a volume fraction continuity equation for each phase: Mass transfer between phases can be modeled by using a user-defined subroutine to specify a nonzero value for S k. l l Multiple interfaces can be simulated Can not resolve details of the interface smaller than the mesh size 32 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 VOF u u Solves one set of momentum equations for all fluids. Surface tension and wall adhesion modeled with an additional source term in momentum eqn. u For turbulent flows, single set of turbulence transport equations solved. u Solves for species conservation equations for primary phase. 33 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Formulations of VOF Model u Time-dependent with a explicit schemes: n n geometric linear slope reconstruction (default in FLUENT 5) Donor-acceptor (default in FLUENT 4. 5) s n Euler explicit s s n u Use for highly skewed hex cells in hybrid meshes if default scheme fails. Use higher order discretization scheme for more accuracy. Example: jet breakup Time-dependent with implicit scheme: n Used to compute steady-state solution when intermediate solution is not important. s s s n u Best scheme for highly skewed hex mesh. Decreasing Accuracy More accurate with higher discretization scheme. Final steady-state solution is dependent on initial flow conditions There is not a distinct inflow boundary for each phase Example: shape of liquid interface in centrifuge Steady-state with implicit scheme: n Used to compute steady-state solution using steady-state method. s More accurate with higher order discretization scheme. s n Must have distinct inflow boundary for each phase Example: flow around ship’s hull 34 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Comparison of Different Front Tracking Algorithms 2 nd order upwind Donor - Acceptor Geometric reconstruction with tri mesh 35 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Surface Tension u u u Cylinder of water (5 x 1 cm) is surrounded by air in no gravity Surface is initially perturbed so that the diameter is 5% larger on ends The disturbance at the surface grows because of surface tension 36 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Wall Adhesion u Wall adhesion is modeled by specification of contact angle that fluid makes with wall. l l l Large contact angle (> 90°) is applied to water at bottom of container in zero-gravity field. An obtuse angle, as measured in water, will form at walls. As water tries to satisfy contact angle condition, it detaches from bottom and moves slowly upward, forming a bubble. 37 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Choosing a Multiphase Model: Fluid-Fluid Flows (1) l Bubbly flow examples: s s l. Flotation l. Aeration l. Nuclear reactors Atomizers Gas cooling Dryers l l l Combustors Scrubbers Cryogenic pumping Slug flow examples: s l l. Cavitation Droplet flow examples: s l Absorbers Evaporators Scrubbers Air lift pumps Large bubble motion in pipes or tanks Separated flows s free surface, annular flows, stratified flows, liquid films 38 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Choosing a Multiphase Model: Gas-Liquid Flows (2) 39 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Choosing a Multiphase Model: Particle-Laden Flow l Examples: s s Cyclones Slurry transport Flotation Circulating bed reactors l l 40 Dust collectors Sedimentation Suspension Fluidized bed reactors © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Solution Guidelines u All multiphase calculations: l u Start with a single-phase calculation to establish broad flow patterns. Eulerian multiphase calculations: l l l l Use COPY-PHASE-VELOCITIES to copy primary phase velocities to secondary phases. Patch secondary volume fraction(s) as an initial condition. For a single outflow, use OUTLET rather than PRESSURE-INLET; for multiple outflow boundaries, must use PRESSURE-INLET for each. For circulating fluidized beds, avoid symmetry planes. (They promote unphysical cluster formation. ) Set the “false time step for underrelaxation” to 0. 001 Set normalizing density equal to physical density Compute a transient solution 41 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Solution Strategies (VOF) u For explicit formulations for best and quick results: l l use geometric reconstruction or donor-acceptor use PISO algorithm with under-relaxation factors up to 1. 0 n l l u To ensure continuity, reduce termination criteria to 0. 001 for pressure in multi-grid solver solve VOF once per time-step For implicit formulations: l u reduce time step if convergence problem arises. always use QUICK or second order upwind difference scheme for VOF equation. may increase VOF UNDER-RELAXATION from 0. 2 (default ) to 0. 5. Use proper reference density to prevent round off errors. Use proper pressure interpolation scheme for hydrostatic consideration: l l Body force weighted scheme for all types of cells PRESTO (only for quads and hexes) 42 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Summary u u Modeling multiphase flows is very complex, due to interdependence of many variables. Accuracy of results directly related to appropriateness of model you choose: l l For most applications with low volume fraction of particles, droplets, or bubbles, use ASMM or DPM model. For particle-laden flows, Eulerian granular multiphase model is best. For separated gas-liquid flows (stratified, free-surface, etc. ) VOF model is best. For general, complex gas-liquid flows involving multiple flow regimes: n n n Select aspect of flow that is of most interest. Choose model that is most appropriate. Accuracy of results will not be as good as for others, since selected physical model will be valid only for some flow regimes. 43 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Conservation equations u Conservation of mass u Conservation of momentum u Conservation of enthalpy 44 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Constitutive Equations u Frictional Flow l l u u Particles are in enduring contact and momentum transfer is through friction Stresses from soil mechanics, Schaeffer (1987) Description of frictional viscosity is the second invariant of the deviatoric stress tensor 45 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Interphase Forces (cont. ) u Virtual Mass Effect: caused by relative acceleration between phases Drew and Lahey (1990). l u Virtual mass effect is significant when the second phase density is much smaller than the primary phase density (i. e. , bubble column) Lift Force: Caused by the shearing effect of the fluid onto the particle Drew and Lahey (1990). l Lift force usually insignificant compared to drag force except when the phases separate quickly and near boundaries 46 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Eulerian Multiphase Model: Turbulence u The transport equations for the u Value of the parameters model are of the form 47 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Comparison of Drag Laws Relative Reynolds number 1 and 1000 Particle diameter 0. 001 mm Arastoopo ur 48 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Drag Force Models Schiller and Naumann Schuh et al. Morsi and Alexander 49 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Solution Algorithms for Multiphase Flows Only Eulerian/Eulerian model u Coupled solver algorithms (more coupling between phases) l u Faster turn around and more stable numerics High order discretization schemes for all phases. l More accurate results 50 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Heterogeneous Reactions in FLUENT 4. 5 u Problem Description l l l u Two liquid e. g. (L 1, L 2) react and make solids e. g. (s 1, s 2) Reactions happen within liquid e. g. (L 1 -->L 2) Reactions happen within solid e. g. (s 1 --->s 2) Solution! l Consider a two phase liquid (primary) and solid (secondary) n n l l liquid has two species L 1, L 2 solid has two species s 1, s 2 Reactions within each phase i. e. (L 1 -->L 2) and (s 1 -->s 2) can be set up as usual through GUI (like in single phase) For heterogeneous reaction e. g. (L 1+0. 5 L 2 -->0. 2 s 1+s 2) 51 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Heterogeneous Reactions in FLUENT 4. 5 n In usrmst. F s s s n calculate the net mass transfer between phases as a result of reactions – Reactions could be two ways Assign this value to suterm – If the net mass transfer is from primary to secondary the value should be negative and vica versa. The time step and mass transfer rate should be such that the net volume fraction change would not be more than 5 -10%. In urstrm. F s s Adjust the mass fraction of each species by assigning a source or sink value (+/-) according to mass transfer calculated above. Adjust the enthalp of each phase by the net amount of heat of reactions and enthalpy transfer due to mass transfer. Again this will be in a form of a source term. 52 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Heterogeneous Reactions in FLUENT 4. 5 u u Compile your version of the code Run Fluent and set up the case : l l l Enable time dependent, multiphase, temperature and species calculations. Define phases Enable mass transfer and multi-component multi-species option. Define species, homogeneous reactions within each phases Define properties Enable user defined mass transfer GOOD LUCK!! 53 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Particle size Descriptive terms Coarse solid Granular solid Coarse powder Fine powder Super fine powder Ultra fine powder Nano Particles Size range 5 - 100 mm 0. 3 - 5 mm 100 -300 mm 10 -100 mm 1 -10 mm ~1 e-3 mm 54 Example coal sugar salt, sand FCC catalyst face powder paint pigments molecules © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Discrete Random Walk Tracking u u Each injection is tracked repeatedly in order to generate a statistically meaningful sampling. Turbulent fluctuation in the flow field are represented by defining an instantaneous fluid velocity: where u is derived from the local turbulence parameters: and is a normally distributed random number Mass flow rates and exchange source terms for each injection are divided equally among the multiple stochastic tracks. 55 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Cloud Tracking u The particle cloud model uses statistical methods to trace the turbulent dispersion of particles about a mean trajectory. The mean trajectory is calculated from the ensemble average of the equations of motion for the particles represented in the cloud. The distribution of particles inside the cloud is represented by a Gaussian probability density function. 56 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Stochastic vs. Cloud Tracking u Stochastic tracking: l l u Accounts for local variations in flow properties such as temperature, velocity, and species concentrations. Requires a large number of stochastic tries in order to achieve a statistically significant sampling (function of grid density). Insufficient number of stochastic tries results in convergence problems and non-smooth particle concentrations and coupling source term distributions. Recommended for use in complex geometry Cloud tracking: l l l Local variations in flow properties (e. g. temperature) get averaged away inside the particle cloud. Smooth distributions of particle concentrations and coupling source terms. Each diameter size requires its own cloud trajectory calculation. 57 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Granular Flow Regimes Elastic Regime Plastic Regime Stagnant Slow flow Rapid flow Stress is strain dependent Strain rate independent Strain rate dependent Elasticity Soil mechanics Kinetic theory 58 Viscous Regime © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Flow regimes 59 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Eulerian Multiphase Model: Heat Transfer u Rate of energy transfer between phases is function of temperature difference between phases: l Hpq (= Hqp) is heat transfer coefficient between pth phase and qth phase. n Can be modified using UDS. Boiling water in a container: contours of water temperature 60 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020

Fluent Software Training TRN-98 -006 Sample Planes and Particle Histograms u As particles pass through sample planes (lines in 2 -D), their properties (position, velocity, etc. ) are written to files. These files can then be read into the histogram plotting tool to plot histograms of residence time and distributions of particle properties. The particle property mean and standard deviation are also reported. 61 © Fluent Inc. 9/25/2020