FlowDriven Conical Emission in Ultrarelativistic HeavyIon Collisions Barbara

Flow-Driven Conical Emission in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions Barbara Betz Thanks to: Miklos Gyulassy, Jorge Noronha, Dirk Rischke, Giorgio Torrieri ar. Xiv: 1005. 5461

The QCD Phase Diagram proton § Insights into theory of strong interactions (QCD) § Medium created in heavyion (HIC) collisions similar to the one created after Big Bang § Explore the phase diagram of QCD with HIC FAIR RHIC initial state expanding fireball pre-equilibrium LHC 2 08/17/10 hadronic phase and freeze-out S. Bass, Talk Quark Matter 2001 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest hadronization Barbara Betz

The Medium created in a HIC Medium behaves like an almost ideal fluid BNL press release, April 18 2005. § Data described by hydrodynamics P. Romatschke and U. Romatschke, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 172301 (2007) § Small § Reproducing the elliptic flow v 2 IF the medium behaves like a fluid Particles interact, expansion determined by density gradient 3 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Jet - Studies in HIC I Mach cones have to occur because of fluid dynamics Redistribution of energy to lower p. Tparticles H. Stöcker, Nucl. Phys. A 750, 121 (2005), J. Casalderrey-Solana et al. Nucl. Phys. A 774, 577 (2006) • Mach cone angle sensitive to Eo. S: 4 < p. Ttrigger < 6 Ge. V/c 0. 15 < p. Tassoc < 4 Ge. V/c Au+Au / p+p = 200 Ge. V STAR, Nucl. Phys. A 774, 129 (2006) PHENIX, Phys. Rev. C 77, 011901 (2008) Reflect interaction of jet with medium By observation: § Confirm fast thermalization & Study Eo. S of the fluid 4 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Jet - Studies in HIC II Position of away-side peaks does not change strongly with p. Tassoc Not due to Cherenkov gluon radiation What happens to larger p. Ttrigger? STAR, ar. Xiv: 1004. 2377 see also PHENIX, Phys. Rev. C 77, 011901 (2008) 5 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Jet - Studies in HIC III Investigation of path length dependence: Double-peaked structure becomes more pronounced out-of-plane A. Sickeles [PHENIX], Eur. Phys. J. C 61, 583 (2009) 6 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Jet - Studies in HIC IV Centrality dependence: double-peaked structure for central collisions one peak structure for very peripheral collisions PHENIX, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 052301 (2006) Energy Scan: double-peaked structure occurs at about the same angle for different collision 7 energies 08/17/10 J. Jia, Eur. Phys. J. C 62, 255 (2009) HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Modelling Jets using … Diffusion wake Linearized Hydrodynamics (3+1)d Ideal Hydro J. Casalderrey-Solana et al. , Nucl. Phys. A 774, 577 (2006) BB et al. , Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) Energy density perturbation Ad. S/CFT p. QCD Stronglycoupled theory v=0. 75 Weaklycoupled theory v=0. 99955 Momentum density perturbation P. Chesler and L. Yaffe, Phys. Rev. D 78, 045013 (2008) R. Neufeld et al, Phys. Rev. C 78, 041901 (2008) Conclusion about Mach cones? 8 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Modelling Jets in Hydrodynamics 9 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Modelling of Jets § Medium created in a HIC can be described using hydrodynamics Jets can be modelled using (ideal) hydrodynamics: residue of energy and momentum given by the jet STAR, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 152301 (2005) § Conversion into particles Freeze-out: mainly flow driven e+p. v • Assumption of isochronous/isothermal freeze-out • No interaction afterwards 10 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Expanding Medium I b=0 Experimental results based on many events Consider different jet paths A. K. Chaudhuri, Phys. Rev. C 75, 057902 (2007) , A. K. Chaudhuri, Phys. Rev. C 77, 027901 (2008) • Apply Glauber initial conditions and an ideal Gas Eo. S for massless gluons • Focus on radial flow contribution d. E/dt = 1 Ge. V/fm Etot = 5 Ge. V • Two-particle correlation (Tfreeze-out < Tcrit = 130 Me. V): near-side jet Jet 150 11 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Expanding Medium II Etot = 5 Ge. V p. Ttrig = 3. 5 Ge. V broad away-side peak BB et al. , ar. Xiv: 1005. 5461 double peaked structure due to non-central jets vjet =0. 999 PHENIX, Phys. Rev. C 77, 011901 (2008) 12 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Expanding Medium III Etot = 10 Ge. V p. Ttrig = 7. 5 Ge. V broad away-side peak double peaked structure Strong impact of the Diffusion wake Path length dependence 13 08/17/10 Centrality dependence HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Yield Causes smaller dip for p. T=2 Ge. V 6 < p. Ttrigger < 10 1. 5 < p. Tassoc < 2. 5 STAR, ar. Xiv: 1004. 2377 f Barbara Betz

Expanding Medium IV Comparing different deposition scenarios, one sees that „cone“ angle approximately the same for different deposition scenarios p. Tassoc = 2. 0 Ge. V p. Ttrig = 3. 5 Ge. V vjet =0. 999 p. Tassoc = 3. 0 Ge. V BB et al. , ar. Xiv: 1005. 5461 p. Tassoc = 2. 0 Ge. V: No double-peaked structure for pure energy deposition scenario due to thermal smearking 14 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Expanding Medium V Considering a bottom quark (M=4. 5 Ge. V), propagating at v jet < cs (on-shell energy-momentum deposition scenario) p. Tassoc = 2. 0 Ge. V BB et al. , ar. Xiv: 1005. 5461 PHENIX, PRL 98, 232302 (2007) Conical emission angle also appears for subsonic jets Not a Mach cone Cu+Cu: Similar away-side shoulder width, double-peak structure reappars for p. Tassoc = 3 Ge. V 15 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Some caveats 16 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

ZYAM & Co. § ZYAM (Zero Yield At Minimum): Can lead to a double-peaked structure - Two-source model: Can one assume that the correlations from flow anisotropy and jets are uncorrelated? D. d’Enterria and BB. , Springer Lecture Notes (2008) J. Ulery [STAR], Po. S LHC 07, 036 (2007) How can one proof/disproof the two-source model? ptrig. T=3 – 4 Ge. V, passoc. T=1 – 2 Ge. V § Three-particle correlations seem to corroborate Mach cone idea - What’s the effect of ZYAM? - No agreement with 3 -particle cumulant method C. Pruneau, Phys. Rev. C 79, 044907 (2009) J. Ulery [STAR], Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 16, 2005 (2007) 17 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Some more caveats 18 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Hot Spots I Can fluctuating initial condition explain the 2+3 -particle correlations? Takahashi et al, PRL 103, 242301 (2009) R. Andrade et al. , ar. Xiv: 0912. 0803 F. Grassi, Talk at the Glasma Workshop, BNL, May 2010 19 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Hot Spots II Check with one single hot spot Au, De/e 0=0. 2 Heavy quark jets are not affected 20 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Fluctuating Initial Conditions 21 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Initial Fluctuations I Glauber initial conditions: due to symmetry, odd Fourier components vanish Fluctuating initial conditions: B. Alver, , Talk at the Glasma Workshop, BNL, May 2010 higher Fourier components may occur P. Sorensen, ar. Xiv: 1002. 4878, B. Alver et al. , Phys. Rev. C 81, 054905 (2010) 22 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Initial Fluctuations II • v 3 is extensively studied B. Alver et al. , Phys. Rev. C 81, 054905 (2010) , B. Alver et al. , ar. Xiv: 1007. 5469 H. Petersen et al. , ar. Xiv: 1008. 0625 B. Alver et al. , ar. Xiv: 1007. 5469 Calculating v 3 using a viscous hydro model with initial conditions deformed according to the eccentricities from a Glauber and a KLM (CGC) model v 3 not negligable small 23 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Initial Fluctuations III - Correlation in Df 1 -Df 2 What are the consequences of triangular flow? 120° Df 1/2 120° - No correlation in Dh 1 -Dh 2 B. Alver et al. , Phys. Rev. C 81, 054905 (2010) ptrig. T=3 – 4 Ge. V, passoc. T=1 3 < p. Ttrig < 10 Ge. V, 1 < p. Tassoc < 3 Ge. V 0 -12% Au+Au – 2 Ge. V J. Ulery [STAR], Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 16, 2005 (2007) B. Abelev et al. (STAR), ar. Xiv: 0912. 2977 Do we only see fluctuating initial conditions? What is the difference of v 3 and the impact of hot spots? Study of heavy quark jets needed 24 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Summary § „Conical“ signal can be created (general effect): by averaging over wakes created by jets in different events. There is a deflection of particles emitted due to collective transverse flow. Quite insensitive to deposition mechanism, jet velocity (even for subsonic jets), and system size Structure cannot directly be related to Eo. S, but is a measure for the flow § Measured away-side structure may be due to initial fluctuations Mach cones have to occur in heavy-ion collisions if there is a fluid Necessary to study heavy-flavor tagged jets. 25 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Backup 26 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Probing Matter • Like in medicine, hard probes can be used to investigate the medium properties • If created matter is opaque, a jet depositing its energy should eventually disappear jet suppression University Wuppertal, “Schul-Vorlesungen zur Physik” Trigger particle 4 < p. Ttrigger < 6 Ge. V/c p. Tassoc > 2 Ge. V/c STAR, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 072304 What can the energy lost tell us about the medium properties? 27 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Initial Fluctuations p. Ttrig > 2. 5 Ge. V, p. Tassoc > 1. 0 Ge. V Takahashi et al, PRL 103, 242301 (2009) 0 -10% Au+Au, v 2 ZYAM subtracted Fluctuating initial conditions (NEXUS) also lead to a ridge structure 0 -30% Au+Au PHOBOS, J. Phys. G 35, 104080 (2008) v 2 correlations also extend out to Dh > 2 28 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Punch-Through Jet 29 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Punch – Through Jet I Applying a static medium and an ideal Gas Eo. S for massless gluons Maximal fluid response Assume: Near-side jet is not modified by medium v=0. 999 30 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest BB et al. , Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) t=4. 5/v fm Barbara Betz

Punch – Through Jet II BB et al. , Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) Normalized, background-subtracted isochronous Cooper-Frye at mid-rapidity p. T = 5 Ge. V Energy Flow Distribution Diffusion wake causes peak in jet direction 31 08/17/10 Assuming: Particles in subvolume will be emitted into the same direction HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Punch – Through Jet III BB et al. , Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) Does the jet-pattern reproduce the features of a Mach cone? p. T = 5 Ge. V Velocity dependence of the emission angle Creation of Bow Shock for smaller v strengthens peak in jet direction 32 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Punch – Through Jet IV • Transverse momentum deposition: t=4. 5/v fm BB et al. , Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) Still influence of diffusion wake from explosion of matter Vorticity conservation 33 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Punch – Through vs Stopped BB et al. , Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) p. T = 5 Ge. V Punch-Through Jet Stopped Jet Similar freeze-out patterns 34 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

The Static Medium 35 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Stopped Jet I Applying a static medium and an ideal Gas Eo. S for massless gluons Maximal fluid response Assume: Near-side jet is not modified by medium BB et al. , Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) Jet decelerating from v=0. 999 according to Bethe-Bloch formalism Bragg Peak a=-1. 36 Ge. V/fm adjusts path length Simplest back-reaction from the medium 36 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Stopped Jet II BB et al. , Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) Mach cone for sound waves 37 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest t=4. 5/v fm Diffusion wake Barbara Betz

Stopped Jet III BB et al. , Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) Normalized, background-subtracted isochronous Cooper-Frye at mid-rapidity p. T = 5 Ge. V Energy Flow Distribution Diffusion wake causes peak in jet direction Assuming: Particles in subvolume will be emitted into the same direction Any conclusions about deposition mechanism? ? ? 38 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Stopped Jet IV • Jet stops after t=4. 5/v fm t. FO=4. 5/v fm BB et al. , Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) t. FO=6. 5/v fm Diffusion wake still present 39 08/17/10 t. FO=8. 5/v fm Vorticity conservation HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Stopped Jet V Diffusion wake causes peak in jet direction t. FO=4. 5/v fm 40 08/17/10 Larger impact of thermal smearing BB et al. , Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) t. FO=6. 5/v fm HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest t. FO=8. 5/v fm Barbara Betz

Different Jet-Energy Loss Modells 41 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Jets in p. QCD I Considering a static medium and linearized hydrodynamics for a punch-though jet R. Neufeld et al, Phys. Rev. C 78, 041901 (2008) Signal dissolves with viscosity R. Neufeld et al. , Phys. Rev. C 79, 054909 (2009) 42 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Jets in p. QCD II Crescendo Deposition Scenario 1 can lead to a double-peaked structure, depending on l 2 and h/s number of radiated gluons deposit energy Ep >> DEtot 2 local medium excitation parameter 1 Increasing Static medium R. Neufeld and T. Renk, ar. Xiv: 1001. 5068. Likewise, a jet shower can result in a doublepeaked away-side H. Li et al. , ar. Xiv: 1006. 2893. Deflection due to background flow and averaging matters and can lead to the double-peaked away-side structure depending on cross-section H. Li et al. , ar. Xiv: 1006. 2893. 43 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Jets in Ad. S/CFT Non-Mach correlations caused by Neck region J. Noronha et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 102301 (2009) 44 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Heavy Quark Jets Compare weakly and strongly coupled models using heavy punch-through jet Static medium and isochronous freeze-out needed for comparison p. QCD: Neufeld et al. source for a heavy quark BB et al. , Phys. Lett. B 675, 340 (2009) R. Neufeld et al, Phys. Rev. C 78, 041901 (2008) Ad. S/CFT: Stress tables with S. Gubser et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 012301 (2008) t=4. 5/v fm J. Noronha et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 102301 (2009) BB et al. , Phys. Lett. B 675, 340 (2009) No Mach-like peaks: Ad. S/CFT: Strong influence of the Neck region 45 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest p. T = 3. 14 Ge. V Barbara Betz

The Expanding Medium 46 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Expanding Medium • Consequences of expansion? Radial flow, Elliptic flow • Predictions: Transverse flow causes distortion Expansion broadens Mach cone angle Mach cones are sensitive to the background flow • Qualitative, model-independent effect 47 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Satarov et al, PLB 627: 64 (2005) Barbara Betz

Expanding Medium Jet 90 Jet 120 Jet 180 Jet 150 48 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Expanding Medium Etot = 5 Ge. V p. Ttrig = 3. 5 Ge. V broad away-side peak Pure energy deposition broad away-side peak No conical distribution in expanding medium for p. T=1 Ge. V and p. T=2 Ge. V Jet 180: No peaks on away-side 49 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Expanding Medium Etot = 5 Ge. V p. Ttrig = 3. 5 Ge. V broad away-side peak double peaked structure Pure momentum deposition The same p. T-dependence as for energy and momentum deposition 50 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Expanding Medium Flow profile at freeze-out after background subtraction Jet 180 51 08/17/10 Jet 150 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Expanding Medium • Jet deposition stopped Etot = 5 or 10 Ge. V 52 08/17/10 p. Ttrig = 3. 5 and 7. 5 Ge. V HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Expanding Medium For b=6 fm Distortion of the conical structure Dependence on background flow (centrality) 53 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Miscellaneous 54 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

MARTINI + MUSIC MARTINI: Modular Algorithm for Relativistic Treatment of Heavy Io. N Interactions Incorporating an event-averaged MARTINI source term into the (3+1)d hydro evolution MUSIC (MUScl – Monotonic Upstream Centered Stream [for conservaion laws] - for Ion Collisions) B. Schenke et al. , Phys. Rev. C 80, 054913 (2009), B. Schenke et al. , ar. Xiv: 1004. 1408 B. Schenke, Talk at the RHIC & AGS Annual User’s Meeting, BNL, June 2010 55 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Qualitative similar result Barbara Betz

BAMPS: Boltzmann Approach of Multi. Parton Scatterings A transport algorithm solving the Boltzmann equations for on-shell partons with p. QCD interactions Box scenario, no expansion, massless Boltzmann gas interactions, 2 -> 2 C. Greiner, Talk at the Opening Symposium of the JET Collaboration, Berkeley, June 2010 The shock front (Mach front) gets broader and vanish with more dissipation 56 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Full Jet Reconstruction I J. Putschke, Talk at RHIC and AGS Users Meeting 2009 Full jet reconstruction questions ZYAM 57 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Full Jet Reconstruction II J. Putschke, Talk at RHIC and AGS Users Meeting 2009 No apparent v 2 modulation in jet-hadron vs. di-hadron correlations 58 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Full Jet Reconstruction III J. Putschke, Talk at RHIC and AGS Users Meeting 2009 Jet-hadron away-side significantly narrower 59 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Full Jet Reconstruction IV Flow profile at freeze-out after background subtraction Jet 180 J. Putschke, Talk at RHIC and AGS Users Meeting 2009 What happened to the Mach cone? Test Proposal: Take a hydro-jet event, apply different jet reconstruction algorithms and compare them 60 08/17/10 Jet 150 Strong diffusion wake! HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Hot Spots Evolution of a hot spot R. Andrade et al. , ar. Xiv: 0912. 0803 61 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Three-particle correlations • Is the double-peaked structure due to a Mach cone formation? Deflected jet Mach Cone ptrig. T=3 – 4 Ge. V, passoc. T=1 – 2 Ge. V J. Ulery [STAR], Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 16, 2005 (2007) Experimental data show superposition of Mach cone No agreement with 3 -particle cumulant method C. Pruneau, Phys. Rev. C 79, 044907 (2009) 62 08/17/10 structure and deflected jets What’s the effect of ZYAM? HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

Jet - Medium Models W. Li et al. , Phys. Rev. C 80, 064913 (2009) W. G. Holzmann [PHENIX], ar. Xiv: 0907. 4833 [nucl-ex] 63 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz