Flabby Whalefish Blob Fish Hydrothermal Vent Tongue Fish

Flabby Whalefish

Blob Fish

Hydrothermal Vent

Tongue Fish

Tongue Fish!!

Bacteria that live near hydrothermal vents

Tubeworm that lives near the hydrothermal vent • Tubeworm with a symbiotic relationship with bacteria

Nutrition! What is nutrition? ? How organisms obtain and process food! Life function!

What is nutrition needed for? • • 1. 2. 3. 4. energy growth repair regulation

Two types of nutrition! • Autotrophic nutrition- • When an organism can manufacture organic compounds from inorganic raw materials. • AUTOTROPH=ORGANISM THAT CAN MAKE IT’S OWN FOOD. • EX. PLANTS, ALGAE

Continue… • Heterotrophic nutrition – the organism that cannot make organic compounds from inorganic raw materials • HETEROTROPHS = organisms that can NOT make their own food.

Nutrition in Plants! • How do plants get their nutrition? ? ? • PHOTOSYNTHESIS!!!! • What is that? ? ? • This is the process plants use in order to make their own food!!! Therefore, they are autotrophs!!

What do plants need for photosynthesis? • Plants need: • Sunlight • Water • Carbon dioxide • Photosynthesis is the process by which the energy of light is converted to the chemical bond energy of organic compounds

Basic Photosynthesis! • Are all the raw materials present?

Photosynthesis occurs in two parts! • 1. Light reaction (photochemical rxn. ) • Occurs in the grana of the chloroplast • 2. Dark Reaction (carbon fixation) • Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

Another view of Photosynthesis • Does the dark reaction require the direct sunlight?

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast • Can you recognize any of the parts? • Can you locate the stroma and grana?

Chloroplasts are located in the leaf

Continue… Vascular Plants - although some photosynthesis occurs in the stems of vascular plants, the organs most highly adapted for this process are the LEAVES cuticle (waxy layer) upper epidermis stomates guard cells pallisade layer spongy layer lower epidermis chloroplasts xylem phloem fibrovascular bundle

What is this? • Guess?

This is what a leaf looks like under the microscope • Can you identify the parts?

Can you identify all the parts of the leaf? • ? ?

Photosynthesis occurs in the. . . 1. Palisade layer 2. Spongy layer 3. Guard cells

General formula for Photosynthesis • 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 • Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

Do you recognize the process? • What is given off? • What is made?

Can you explain what is happening? • Do you see the two reactions?

Cell Energy • Energy is essential for life • Active transport, cell division, flagella movement, protein production • Some capture energy from light or chemicals • Autotrophs • Others eat those that capture energy • heterotrophs

So Where Is Energy Found? Energy is stored in chemical bonds of ATP • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) • Adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups • Energy carrier molecule of the cell

Question…? How do you release the energy stored in the bonds?

Answer Break the bond!

Energy is Stored in the BOND!

Forming and Breaking Down ATP • Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) • Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) • ATP ADP + Energy • Energy + P + ADP ATP

Trapping Energy from Sunlight • Photosynthesis • Process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars • Glucose, Fructose, Galactose • Light-dependent Reactions • Convert light into chemical energy (ATP) • Light-independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) • Fueled by ATP • Produce simple sugars • 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2

Chloroplasts and Pigments • Molecules in thylakoid membranes that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight • Cholorophyll is the most common pigment • Absorbs most wavelengths of light except for green.

Light-Dependent Reactions • Light energy hits thylakoid discs • Electrons are charged with energy and EXCITED! HOT! • Electron Transport Chain • Electrons travel through a series of proteins • Lose energy which is used to make ADP into ATP • Electrons reach a second photosystem (pigments) and are recharged • Travel down a 2 nd transport chain

Light-Dependent Reactions • Electrons, at end of chain, transferred to a carrier molecule (NADP+ ) • NADP+ + electron + H = NADPH • Carries the electron to the Stroma • NADPH used in Calvin Cycle

Restoring Electrons • Photolysis (lysis = to break down) • Reaction where water is split 2 H+ + 2 e H 20 O + • Oxygen released into air (O 2) • The electrons are used by chlorophyll • Hydrogen ions are taken to thylakoid discs • Chemiosmosis H+ moves across membrane due to concentration gradient Creates charge / energy = used to make ATP

Light-Independent Reactions The DARK Reactions • Calvin Cycle • Series of reactions that uses CO 2 to create sugars • Takes place in the Stroma • Named for Melvin Calvin

Summary of Calvin Cycle • Fixation of Carbon Dioxide • 1. Co 2 combines with Ru. BP to form 2 molecules of PGA • Reduction of 3 Phosphoglycerate to G 3 P • 2. Each molecule of PGA is converted into a molecule of PGAL • Regeneration of Ru. BP from G 3 P • 3. Most of PGAL is converted back into Ru. BP, but some PGAL can be used to make a variety of organic compounds