FIVE TIPS FOR IMPROVING YOUR WRITING Strengthening Your

FIVE TIPS FOR IMPROVING YOUR WRITING Strengthening Your Academic Writing Skills

1. Write Out Contractions Contraction Written Out don’t do not can’t cannot won’t will not isn’t is not shouldn’t should not couldn’t could not wouldn’t would not haven’t have not hasn’t has not hadn’t had not

2. Avoid There Is & There Are No Yes There are many opportunities for students to excel in school. Students excel in school by taking advantage of various opportunities. There are three characters in this story who are very important. Three characters in this story are very important. There comes at the end of this story a very surprising ending. A surprising ending comes at the end of this story. There is something about this poem that almost defies analysis. Something about this poem almost defies analysis. The word there in the first sentence is referred to as a “dummy subject. ” That means that it is not the true subject of the sentence. Find the word or words in the sentence that are the true subject and then begin the sentence with those words.

Can you change the following sentences by correctly eliminating there phrase? � 1. There are some short stories that have truly become classics. � 2. There is one symbol in this poem that is the most important one to analyze. � 3. There have been many attempts by readers to find too much symbolism in Poe’s “The Raven. ”

� 3. Avoid Really, Very, A Lot & So No, really. Take a look where this word might show up and clunk up a sentence: � It’s really important that you sign up for this. � This is a really valuable product. � You have to check this out – it’s really interesting. I’m specifically talking about instances where really is an intensifier. In grammar, an intensifier is like a modifier, only better, and its job is… well, to intensify the emotional context of words like “important” or “valuable” or “interesting. ” � But an intensifier actually adds no particular contribution or value. Take it out, and the whole sentence still works just fine, thank you very much. � The problem with really is that it’s supposed to enhance the word it’s modifying and amplify its meaning. But really has become so common that it doesn’t actually make us think more of the item in question. It makes us think less of it. � Watch what happens here: � Sign up. It’s important. � This is valuable. � Interesting. �

Your Turn – Avoid Weak Words A lot of stuff happened. 2. She was really big. 3. The cookies were so good. 1.

4. Use Active Voice � What Is Active Voice? � I'll start with active voice because it's simpler. In an active sentence, the subject is doing the action. A straightforward example is the sentence "Steve loves Amy. " Steve is the subject, and he is doing the action: he loves Amy, the object of the sentence. � Another example is the title of the Marvin Gaye song “I Heard It through the Grapevine. ” "I" is the subject, the one who is doing the action. "I" is hearing "it, " the object of the sentence. � What Is Passive Voice? � In passive voice, the target of the action gets promoted to the subject position. Instead of saying, "Steve loves Amy, " I would say, "Amy is loved by Steve. " The subject of the sentence becomes Amy, but she isn't doing anything. Rather, she is just the recipient of Steve's love. The focus of the sentence has changed from Steve to Amy. � If you wanted to make the title of the Marvin Gaye song passive, you would say “It was heard by me through the

Passive Voice vs. Active Voice Examples Passive Voice Active Voice There is a considerable range of expertise demonstrated by the spam senders. The spam senders demonstrate a considerable range of expertise. It was determined by the committee that the report was inconclusive. The committee determined that the report was inconclusive. We were invited by our neighbors Our neighbors invited us to attend their party. 1. Groups help participants realize that most of their problems and secrets are shared by others in the group. 2. The proposed initiative will be bitterly opposed by abortion rights groups. Suggested Revisions: 1. Through working together, participants realize that others in the group share most of their problems and secrets. 2. Abortion rights groups will bitterly oppose the proposed initiative.

5. Use Strong Verbs Reducing “to BE” Verbs in Writing � Writers require the verb “BE” (i. e. am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been) regularly. � We use “BE” to �� help main verbs communicate a sense of time (e. g. , was typing, will be typing, is typing). �� link one idea to another similar to an equal sign (The water bottle is black. ) �� indicate passive voice when the subject receives the action (e. g. , was purchased, will be finished, was hit, and will be spent). However, we often tend to rely too heavily upon the “BE” verb in our writing rather than choosing a stronger main verb or rewriting the sentence in active voice. This can lead to vague, and even boring, papers. Replacing the “BE” verbs helps: �� increase the coherency of claims. �� identify redundant sentences/information. �� broaden vocabulary in writing and speaking.

Eliminating Helping Verbs � � � Follow the simple process below to help identify the “to BE” verb and find a stronger way to replace it. Step 1: Circle every “BE” verb in your paper. Step 2: Use the questions below to identify the function of the “BE” verb. A. Is “BE” used along with an –ing verb (e. g. , is finishing)? Helping verb. Most likely unavoidable because it’s communicating a sense of time. B. Is “BE” used along with an –ed verb or another irregular verb in the past participle tense (e. g. , was finished or was hit)? Helping verb. Passive voice. Try to change to active voice. See step 4. C. Is “BE” linking a subject to a description (e. g. , Yesterday was fun. )? Linking verb. Try to replace “BE” with a stronger verb. See step 3. Step 3: Replacing “BE” with a stronger linking verb. � It’s not always possible to replace “BE”; when possible, try a stronger linking verb from the list below. � seem appear become grow remain stay prove feel look smell sound taste � Ex: The sunset was magnificent. The sunset looked magnificent. �

Problem-Solving Strategies to Eliminate the “To-Be” Verb 1. Substitute-Sometimes a good replacement just pops into your brain. For example, instead of “That cherry pie sure is good, ” substitute the “to-be” verb is with tastes as in “That cherry pie tastes amazingly delicious. ” � 2. Rearrange-Start the sentence differently to see if this helps eliminate a “to-be” verb. For example, instead of “The monster was in the dark tunnel creeping, ” rearrange as “Creeping down the dark tunnel, the monster searched for his next unsuspecting victim. ” � 3. Change another word in the sentence into a verb-For example, instead of “Charles Schulz was the creator of the Peanuts cartoon strip, ” change the common noun creator to the verb created as in “Charles Schulz created the Peanuts cartoon strip. ” “The monster crept down the dark tunnel, lurking in the shadows. ” � 4. Combine sentences-Look at the sentences before and after the one with the “to-be” verb to see if one of them can combine with the “to-be” verb sentence and so eliminate the “to-be” verb. For example, instead of “The child was sad. The sensitive young person was feeling that way because of the news story about the death of the homeless man, ” combine as “The news story about �

Wimpy Verbs vs. Strong, Vivid Verbs Wimpy Verbs Strong, Vivid Verbs made an objection objected was limping limped conducted an investigation investigated were studying studied Your Turn: 1. were walking 2. were talking 3. had climbed

FOCUS ORGANIZATON SUPPORT CONVENTIONS SUPPORT: TS, CD, CM, CM, CS *Substantial? *Ample? *Adequate? *Evenly developed? *Declaration/Claim – explain why it is controversial? *Relevant, strong, clear, accurate reasons/premises/support ? * Discuss reasons against claim & explain why it is valid? *Mature Command of Language? *Active, vivid verbs? *Varied syntax? *Sentence Composing Tools? *Polysyndeton? Asyn deton? *Complete sentences? *All sentences make complete sense? *No awkward sentences? *Fragments used purposefully? *Few if any errors? *Spelling *Usage *Mechanics *Punctuation *Mature FCAT Rubric Check 4’s transitions? — *On topic? *Focused? *Clear declaration/claim? *Relevant reasons/support? *Purposeful? *Reflects insight? *No unrelated information? *Restates topic or key words in each paragraph? *Connection between paragraphs? *Thesis Reminders? *Beginning of ¶? *Within¶? *End of ¶? *Topic sentences? *Concluding sentences? *Logical progression of ideas? *Sense of completeness/whole *Diction/Word choice ness? varied, strong, and vivid *Reasons not – yet natural? merely “listed”? *Academic Lang –ex: no -FULL-CIRCLE contractions? * CWS ~ -Face ENDING Tricks? ? *TITLE *Figurative Language? *Specific Details for Effect? *Repetition for Effect? Tricolon?

Revise Your Writing � Thesis statement – circle topic, zigzag controlling claim, box 3 supporting claims � Circle & Eliminate: ◦ ◦ Contractions – write them out There Is & There Are “Helping Verbs” – use strong, vivid verbs Really, Very, A Lot & So � Strong Verbs (Diction) – strengthen 5+ words � Underline transitional words/phrases within paragraphs – 2+ in each paragraph � Vary Syntax ~ +Phrases – add 3+ participial phrases to add extra detail � Annotate Creative Writing Strategies � Attention-getter & zinger – can they be strengthened – can bridges be strengthened � Underline key words from the prompt – in thesis & topic sentences � Catchy Title