First Thesis We cannot stop climate change without

First Thesis We cannot stop climate change without changing our mobility.

Second Thesis Mobility is too cheap in Europe – environmentally-friendly transport modes are too expensive. This is due to political will.

Third Thesis The EU is part of the solution: Fair competition across transport modes would enable sustainable transport modes to exploit their competitiveness.

The EU' Targets for 2020 • 20% reduction of greenhouse gas missions • 20% of EU’s energy from renewable resources • 20% improvement of energy efficiency

Where We Stand Now • Increase of CO 2 -emissions • Weak connection between economy and ecology • Modal shift in the wrong direction: share of air and road transport increases, share of rail and waterway decreases • Unfair competition between different transport modes • Transport planning with wrong priorities („think big“)

CO 2 Emissions by Sector (2008)

Development CO 2 Emissions Since 1990

Initial Situation Cars per 1, 000 inhabitants

Mandatory Rail Charge in Europe Cars per 1, 000 inhabitants Especially member states without a highway toll system charge railway toll

Non-Mandatory Road Charge for Lorries • In Switserland: road charge for lorries is 4 times higher than in Germany • It applies to all streets and to all trucks above 3. 5 t • Increase of consumers' costs: merely 0. 5%

Tax Disadvantages International train traffic is taxed, international flights are not

Distorted Competition in the Air • No kerosene tax (14 bn EUR subsidies per year) • No Value Added Tax on international flights (16 bn EUR/year) • Weak integration in EU Emissions Trading Scheme (85% for free) and only since 2012 • No charges on air corridors (with the exception of Siberia) • In case of delays: reimbursement after 3 hours

Priviliges for Maritime Transport Inland navigation • No fuel taxation • Mostly no charges on waterways • Heavy investments despite existing excess capacities Maritime transport • Using heavy oil (hazardous waste incinerator without filters) • Weak emission limits by International Maritime Organization Ø As of 2015: 0, 1% in control zones (Baltic and North sea, English Channel) Ø As of 2020: 0, 5% for all EU bodies of water • Not integrated into emission trading system

“The Future of our Mobility” EU Commission 2011 White Paper on transport: Ø Until 2030: -20% CO 2 emmissions compared to 2008 Ø Until 2050: -60% compared to 1990 EU Parliament Ø Resolution on White Paper: -20% compared to 1990 by 2020!

How does this relate to urban mobility?

Facts on Urban Mobility • By 2050, 84% of the EU population will live in cities • In cities, transport is responsible for: Ø 40% of all CO 2 emissions Ø 70% of all emissions which are harmful to the climate • Most trips start or end in cities • By 2060, 30% of all EU citizens will be older than 60 years (today: 17%)

Atlanta – Barcelona Less inhabitants, 26 times larger surface

30 km/h Speed Limit as a Rule! Report of the European Parliament on European road safety 20112020 (Rapporteur: Dieter-Lebrecht Koch) The European Parliament “ 54. Strongly recommends the responsible authorities to introduce speed limits of 30 km/h in residential areas and on all one-lane roads in urban areas which have no separate cycle lane, with a view to protecting vulnerable road users more effectively; ” Ø Accepted by a large majority!

30 km/h Speed Limit: Clear Benefits More safety… Enviroment and costs…. • Breaking distance: 14 m instead of 28 m • Emissions: -12% • 42% less accidents • Noise: -3 db(A) = halving noise • Fatality risk: 10% instead of 80% • Less road signs, more clarity • Higher acceptance More life quality… Almost no loss of time… • More space for children, pedestrians, • Only 10 -20 sec. More per km cyclists and public transport • Less stress • Berlin: average speed of cars 19 km/h!

30 km/h Speed Limit: Progresses • European citizens' initiative: European Citizen's Initiative. Goal = 1 Million signatures by 14. 11. 2013 • Others led the way: Graz (AT), Pontevedra (ES), the French city network “Ville 30, ” and Liverpool (UK) • New York City becomes “New Walk City”

Bicycles as an Alternative Source: Cramer, M. (2006): Fahrradnutzung in Europa, page 2 90% of car journeys in cities are shorter than 6 km 30% are shorter than 3 km 10% are shorter than 1 km!

More Cyclists – More Safety

Sustainable Use of Financial Resources? Hungary is leading the way: it uses 2% of EU funding for cycling!

The Greens' Position on the Use of EU Transport Funding • 40% (at least) for rail • 20% (maximum) for road • 15% (at least) for hiking & biking Ø Only the 40% goal found a majority in the European Parliament

Big Projects: Costly, Lengthy, and Useless • Brenner-Base-Tunnel • Lyon-Turin-Tunnel • Fehmarnbelt-Tunnel • Koralm-Tunnel • Semmering-Tunnel • Stuttgart 21

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Thank you very much for your attention! Soft Mobility 2 nd edition Measures for a climate-friendly transport policy in Europe 48 pages, 7 tables und 15 images. You can obtain the brochure @ www. michael-cramer. eu