FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM

FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM PAUL ARTHUR BERKMAN University of California Santa Barbara & Ev. REsearch LTD

“The Antarctic Treaty is indispensable to the world of science which knows no national or other political boundaries; but it is much more than that. I believe it is a document unique in history which may take its place alongside the Magna Carta and other great symbols of man's quest for enlightenment and order. ” “It was the IGY cooperative efforts in Antarctica, coldest of all the continents, that witnessed the first thawing of the Cold War. It demonstrated, as never before, that the international community of science is the most hopeful of all examples of world cooperation and organization. ” Laurence Gould

INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR JULY 1, 1957 – DECEMBER 31, 1958

ANTARCTIC TREATY Signed (December 1, 1959) Entered into Force (June 23, 1961) Preamble The Governments of Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, the French Republic, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, the Union of South Africa, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, Recognizing that it is in the interest of all mankind that Antarctica shall continue for ever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord; Acknowledging the substantial contributions to scientific knowledge resulting from international cooperation in scientific investigation in Antarctica; Convinced that the establishment of a firm foundation for the continuation and development of such cooperation on the basis of freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica as applied during the International Geophysical Year accords with the interests of science and the progress of all mankind; Convinced also that a treaty ensuring the use of Antarctica for peaceful purposes only and the continuance of international harmony in Antarctica will further the purposes and principles embodied in the Charter of the United Nations; Have agreed as follows:

Article VI 1959 ANTARCTIC TREATY Preamble Article III Article IV Article VIII Article IX Article XIII Article XIV Interest of all Mankind Peaceful Purposes Only Freedom of Scientific Investigation International Cooperation in Scientific Investigation No Basis for Asserting, Supporting or Denying Claims No Nuclear Explosions or Radioactive Waste Disposal Area of Application South of 60 o South Latitude [ 10% of the Earth] Freedom of Access and Inspection by Designated Observers Jurisdiction by the Contracting Parties over their own Nationals Consulting and Recommending Measures of Common Interest Consistent with Charter of the United Nations Resolve Disputes by Peaceful Means Antarctic Treaty Modifications and Amendment Accession and Ratification Official Languages and Depository Government

“MATTERS OF COMMON INTEREST”

UNITED STATES ANTARCTIC POLICY

ANTARCTIC MINERALS DSDP 1972

GLOBAL MARKETS 1973 OPEC Oil Embargo Wall Street Journal (1973). . . 45 billion barrels of oil and 115 trillion cubic feet of natural gas could be recovered from the continental shelf of West Antarctica

EVOLUTION OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM

Antarctic Treaty Searchable Database 7 th Edition (1959 -2006) The integrated public-domain documents in this digital library are derived from hardcopy and electronic versions provided by the Department of State, Marine Mammal Commission, Committee on Environmental Protection, host nations of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings and the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat.

ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION CONCEPT = “MINOR OR TRANSITORY” CONCEPT TRENDS CONCEPT LINKAGES

ANTOSTRAT

“…for peaceful purposes only…”