First English settlements were disasters Roanoke Island 2

First English settlements were disasters! Roanoke Island – 2 attempts failed (1587 colony lost) VA. Co. Jamestown – 1607 Of 144 who arrived first – 38 survived the first year Of 6000 arriving before 1620 only 1200 survived Brackish water No farming skills No resources to exploit Powhatan Wars As late as 1642, only 8000 lived in VA, “none but those of the meanest quality and corruptest [sic] lives went there. ” But in English colonies by 1700 – 300, 000; by 1775 – 2. 5 million!!! Why The English Empire in America

Factors contributing to the English colonization of America Strategic interests of England Rivalry with Spain, naval power based on gold and silver from Americas, threat to Protestant England Sea dogs, Spanish armada, undermine Spanish Naval stores terrible Jamestown location, Georgia, mercantilism

Economic Distress Chesapeake, Southern and also middle colonies. In the end even New England Puritans became concerned with the number of those seeking economic gain. “surplus population” - Enclosure Act, closing of monasteries, movement to cities, unemployment, fear of disorder Opportunity in the New World for indentured servants Capitalists Individual ventures failed (Roanoke) Joint stock companies (Virginia Co. ) Jamestown; atypical colony Headright system – Land + servants (75% of VA prior to 1670) = wealth

Religious Motivations Puritans (NE) Great Migration (20 K by 1640) – City on a Hill (model communities to provide example for reform, Errand in the Wilderness Separatists (Plymouth) – escape sinful England Quakers – (PA), (23 K) by 1715 - religious opportunity Catholics – Maryland, smaller numbers OVER TIME ECONOMIC FACTORS FOR MIGRATION OVERWHELMED RELIGIOUS REASONS (“we came for fish” in MA)

American Colonies different regions very different cultures! No unity! Beginnings of localism and sectionalism! Southern Chesapeake (VA, MD) Carolinas Georgia New England MA Bay, CT, NH RI Middle New York, PA (NJ, DE)

Virginia – – not much till Berkeley Large scattered plantations on rivers Tobacco became basis of economy (Rolfe) A disaster until 1641

Tobacco Need for labor Indentured servants ¾ of VA immigrants 1640 – 1675 Problems of a single crop economy – falling prices Soil butchery Expansion Problems with Indians

The House of Burgesses - first legislature in English colonies (1619) – to attract settlers § Mostly representative of the leading families of VA

Cavalier Virginia – William Berkeley (1641) (think self centered liberty) – goal recreate aristocratic England Displaced cavaliers – younger siblings and refugees from English civil war (Puritans winning!) Very aristocratic 25 leading families controlled best land politics Church of England Scattered estates on which planters were free Sexual predators (Byrd, October 6, December 26, 27, September 12, 13, 26 (rogering but no prayers) Bending not breaking wills Dependence on indentured servants “my people” Goal to live idly (as lords - over time most whites took this belief as a way to distinguish themselves from Africans) (idleness encouraged in the south) Abusive (December 3, November 30, December 16, Opposition to education for all but the elite. “ I thank god there are no free schools nor printing. ” Growing number of poor – HUGE PROBLEM!

First Africans arrived (1619) § status not clear perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants. But some owned land slaves, sued in courts, intermarriage and sex with whites, freed children and Christians? § Slavery not that important until the end of the 17 th century

Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 1, 000 piedmont Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley § Freed indentured servants’ concerns = high taxes, Berkeley’s unwillingness to exterminate Indians § In the end rebellion failed but… Nathaniel Bacon Governor William Berkeley

…. resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against elites on coastal plantations exposed. § Socio-economic class differences/clashes between east and west would continue throughout American history. Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel and a way to lessen class differences BLACK SLAVES!!

_____ – George Calvert - 1634 Chesapeake Colony - tobacco Established by Lord Baltimore – a refuge for____ § increasing number of Protestants and to protect Catholics…. Toleration Act of 1649 § Guaranteed toleration to Christians § Eventually Anglican became established church

Carolinas – Lord Proprietors - 1663 _______ Carolina Large number of settlers from _____ aristocratic colony Dependent on furs and slave (Indians) exports at first _____ became staple crop – some ______ Majority slave population; slave codes from _____ African culture more preserved _____ Carolina Squatters and pirates “a vale of humility between two mounts of conceit”

Georgia - James _____ ( 1732) Last colony Philanthropic experiment – for debtors Buffer between SC and Spanish Florida At first no slaves for philanthropic and security reasons

The “Middle Passage”

17 c Population in the Chesapeake WHY this large increase in black popul. ? ?

Puritan legacy very important The errand in the wilderness and city on a hill still significant ideas Great Migration (1630 – 1642) – 20 K before 1640, population of 100, 000 by 1700 Congregational Church dominated NE One of the dominant cultures of the American colonies Rapid population growth and migration westward Shaped education for generation – New England colleges and universities, authors – Thoreau, Emerson, Hawthorne, Puritans and Their Impact

Calvinism Reformers of COE § Predestination. • Good works could not save those predestined for hell. • constantly seeking signs of “conversion. ” visible saints or the elect. Inner grace reflected in countenance and actions Puritans: § Want to radically reform [purify] the corrupt Church of England society § Desire to recreate autonomous villages not threatened by absolute king and bishops § Disapproved of hierarchy or finery that might separate the individual from his relationship with God Separatists: § believed in a total break from the Church of England.

Puritans and Covenant Theology “Covenant of Grace”: § between Puritan communities and God. A responsibility to God “Social Covenant”: § Between members of Puritan communities with each other. § Social reciprocity § Required mutual watchfulness. § No toleration of deviance or disorder.

Massachusetts – John Winthrop and Puritans (1630) City on a Hill, missionary vision Great Migration of Puritans – errand in the wilderness Transplanted families, villages Bible Commonwealth – theocracy (not ministers), elect vote (not wealth) Community! Watchfulness, just prices, charity, gross disparities of wealth avoided tension with individualism hiving out as individualism became more important ORDER! (not freedom) Government by consensus Community liberty Hierarchical – deference to the visible saints (visible due to wealth and character) Importance of education and work ethic Harvard – 1636 Old Deluder Law - 1647 Town meetings. Limited power to the colonial government; they were fleeing a strong central government Healthy conditions, large families, growing population Intolerance Hutchinson, Williams, Quakers, witches

Rhode Island – Roger Williams 1636 Williams: repudiated the Co. E entirely, separation of church and state, and freedom of religion, ______ – antinomianism, challenged hierarchy of MA BAY (1637) refuge for dissenters, most democratic and free (like NC) , first Jewish community Dependent on trade

Coming Apart – The End of the Puritan Experiment Loss of enthusiasm Fewer second generation Puritans willing to undergo conversion process. Halfway covenant Jeremiads unsuccessful Betrayed by God? King Philips War (1676), witches(1692), loss of English Civil War and Restoration (1660), loss of charter, “unredeemed captives” ****Individualism. Tension between community and individual Hiving out. No longer as dependent on each other. New emphasis on wealth, “Sir, You are mistaken… our main end was to catch fish. ”

Pennsylvania – William _____ - 1681 Society of _______ (Quakers) Belief in equality and brotherhood; every individual had an “_____. ” pacifists. Advertised Germans. Already scattering of English, Dutch and Swedish settlers diversity City of Brotherly love, Holy Experiment Cordial relations with Indians until colony overwhelmed by other Scotch Irish No established church All landowners voted

New York – Duke of York - 1664 New Amsterdam – Dutch colony (1614) , run by stockholders, absolute control, cosmopolitan, aristocratic - patroonships on the Hudson, fur trade with Indians Duke of York given territory - a royal colony by English King

Becoming American… NOT English! What then is the American, this new man? . . . He is an American, who, leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. …Here individuals of all races are melted into a new race of man, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world. (from "Letter III, " 1782) Crevecoeur

Environmental Factors Greater self-sufficiency Presence of Hostile Spanish, French and …. . Native Americans! Culture clashes with NAs in spite of early intentions Exclusionary frontier NA’s did not “use” the land – no fences, farms, permanency NA’s mostly rejected Christianity o “whosoever thererfore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation”

Ethnic Diversity and Economic Diversity By 1775 the percentage of English was only 52% Most diverse region: Least diverse region: ______Largest non-English ethnic group Two other significant groups of immigrants: _____

Germans Located: Economically prosperous Scots Irish Located: Economic status: Mindset: Dutch Significant presence in ____

Class structure No landed gentry ( in spite of VA efforts) Growing economic stratification – resulting from wars A wealthier free population in comparison to Europe

Economics 90% farmed mostly subsistence Emphasis on cash crops in the southern and middle colonies New England: shipbuilding, trade – not manufacturing Naval stores and timber? !

Navigation Acts BUT!!! Salutary Neglect Mercantilism: colonies exist for benefit of the empire A closed economic system! Navigation Acts (1650 s) imposed by Restoration government Ships must be English or colonial Imports must be shipped from England Enumerated goods – only sold to England

Triangular trade developed in response to mercantile policies Trade promoted urban growth - PHILADELPHIA – new york , boston exchange of new ideas and nationalism a new and more stratified class system – greater wealth Consumer revolution However, colonists desire cheaper French goods and Dutch slaves Smuggling Dominion of New England established by James II – 1686 -88 Resistance to Dominion and arrest of Andros following Glorious Revolution in England 1688 Reestablishment of salutary neglect

Anglicanization of the Elites As a result of trade – closer relations GW British coat of arms; desire to be British General

Religion – Not just the COE! Not as important – 75% churched, in the South a minority churched New England – established church – Congregational – even following the War for Independence – less frequent intolerance over time Middle Colonies PA – Society of Friends but tolerance of all, No established church in PA Southern Colonies Anglican Church established No bishops – less control Freedom At first only PA and RI offered toleration for all MD Act of Toleration in 1649 but by 1654 Catholics persecuted As diversity increased tolerance increased By 1691 even in MA non-churched could vote

The Great Awakening – A Turning Point – 1730 s – 1740 s Movement to reinvigorate the people who were slipping away by making them emotionally aware of sinfulness response to growing movement from calvinism of the churches and DEISM! response to enlightenment ideals of science and reason Maybe 1/15 of families churched south of NE Importance of itinerants (eg Whitfield) also established clergy such as Jonathan Edwards

New colleges Divided communities (old lights and new lights) *****Challenge to the clergy! An anti-authority movement *****An American movement that broke down many barriers

New Ideas of Government = Whig Ideology (power should be limited to prevent corruption) Ideas of Natural Rights from Enlightenment!! Salutary neglect and founding ideas Localism! – the desire for local control of government, limited government powers especially on issues of taxes Nominally, King was authority – governors represented their authority Execute laws and veto Chosen by king or proprietors in all states but CT and RI Colonial legislatures – POWER OF THE PURSE TO CONTROL GOVERNORS bicameral Not democratic – belief in republicanism Acceptance of deference! Landowners voted, the Glorious Revolution new charter in MA which gave vote to all landowners not just church members Only landowners had “virtue” and independence Politics mostly ignored in pre-market economy

Virginia destruction and theft of Indian resources Powhatan (looking for allies and trade – “Why will you destroy us who supply you with food” By 1614 disease and warfare (Irish tactics) Pocahontas to Jamestown to sue for peace

Increasing pressure on Indians 1622 uprising “perpetual war without peace or truce. ” “Peace of 1646 – Indians removed “ we who hithertoo have had no more ground than their waste…. May now by right of war and law of nations invade the country and destroy them…” By 1685 most Indians in VA dead

Massachusetts Land seen as a vacuum Attempts to move Indians into praying villages 1637 Pequot War 1676 King Philip’s War 600 colonists killed 52 of 90 Puritan villages attacked Indian population reduced to 40% Greater hiving out