FIRST AMERICANS 20 000 years agoSiberian hunters became

FIRST AMERICANS 20, 000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants. Hunter/Gathers who traveled through Beringia the land bridge between Alaska and Asia. 14, 000 years ago—humans reached tip of South America. The each of the tribes developed independently. They had no almost no contact with the rest of the world. As a result, they developed their own societies, languages, and customs.

Mesoamericans Olmec, Mayans, Toltec, Aztec Western Culture Hohokam, Anasazi Mississippian Cultures Cahokia Northeastern Peoples Algonquian Peoples Iroquois Confederacy

Mesoamerican Cultures • 5000 years ago – Agricultural Revolution (development of agriculture) revolutionized Native American cultures. It made possible the rise of Mesoamerica’s first civilizations. • Crops included maize, squash, and beans • Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities. • Explains difference in Indian cultures in New World

Mesoamerican Tribes The Olmec: 1500 B. C -1200 B. C § § Anthropologist believe they are the first tribe to establish civilization in Mesoamerica. Civilization located near modern day Veracruz, Mexico. Olmec developed a sophisticated society with large villages, temple complexes, and pyramids. Social scientists believe Olmec ideas spread throughout Mesoamerica, influencing the majority of other tribes within the region. The Maya: 200 A. D – 900’s A. D § § Originated in the Yucatan Peninsula and expanded into Central America. Known for engineering and mathematics. They developed complex calendars and pyramids. Developed city states that were independently ruled. As a result, they often warred with one another. Toltec § Built a large city called Tula. § Master architects they built large palaces with pillared halls. § One of the first tribes to use gold and copper in art and Jewelry. Aztec: § § Located at modern day Mexico City, Mexico. Created an empire by conquering neighboring tribes. Used military to control trade within the region. Had tribes pay tribute through money or people to sacrifice in their religious ceremonies

Western Cultures The Hohokam § § Located in what is now south central Arizona. Developed a large system of irrigation canals. Used the Gila and Salt Rivers as their water supply. Canals carried water for miles to their farms. Anasazi: § Lived in a region called the 4 corners- Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. § Built network of water basins and ditches to channel and control water in the desert. § Constructed multistory buildings of adobe and stone that the Spanish called Pueblos. § In their homes they had circular ceremonial rooms called Kivas. § Pueblos could be huge some were up to 600 rooms.

Mississippian Culture Cahokia—Mississippi Valley § Large ceremonial mounds § Far-flung trade network § Led to the rise of at least 4 large cities with flat top mounds.

Northeastern Peoples § Located east of the Mississippi river and south of the Great Lakes § Most of the people belonged to one of two language groups: those who spoke Iroquoian or Algonquian. § These tribes included the Powhatan Confederacy some of which were the first to come into contact with English settlers. Iroquois Confederacy § Territory stretched from west of the Hudson River(New York) to southern Ontario, Canada. All were Iroquoian speaking people: Huron, Neutral, Erie, Wenro, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk. § All had similar cultures which eventually led to a Confederacy amongst the tribes.

Foundations of European Exploration Due to the Crusades Europeans interacted with Asian cultures that introduced them to spices, sugar, melons, tapestries, silk and other items. § New Monarchs forged nations from scattered provinces – gain power and money § General prosperity – new middle class – new source of revenue/taxes § Population growth after 1450 • Search for wealth • Europeans desired expensive luxury goods • Flow of goods controlled by Italian merchants • Charged high prices for these rare goods • Hoped to find new, faster routes to India and China to gain trade foothold • Wealth not only goal • Some set out to find fame, glory • Hoped making great discoveries would bring honor to their names § By the mid 1400’s four strong countries/states emerged: Portugal, Spain, England France § Each country began financing exploration by finding new and faster trade routes to Asia

Advances in Technology • Europeans could not have made voyages of discovery without certain key advances in technology • Some advances made in Europe during Renaissance • Others borrowed from people with whom Europeans had contact, especially Chinese, Muslims Navigation • Sailors needed precise means to calculate location • Compass brought to Europe from China, let know sailors know which direction was north at any time • Learned to use astrolabe from Muslims helped explorers navigate using the positions of the stars and planets Caravels – Portuguese ship • Caravel, light, fast sailing ship; two features made it highly maneuverable • Steered with rudder at stern, rather than with side oars • Also lateen, triangular, sails; could be turned to catch wind from any direction

Portuguese Exploration • Portugal was first country to launch large-scale voyages of exploration. • Henry the Navigator, not himself explorer established court. Was a Prince and a supporter of those who wished to explore. Wanted to map areas and find the quickest routes. • Prince Henry’s ultimate goal—find water route around Africa to India • Died before goal accomplished; attempts to find such a route not abandoned • 1488, Bartolomeu Dias became first to sail around southern tip of Africa Vasco da Gama Sailed around Africa to India • 1497, set out for India, stopped at several African ports learned Muslim Merchants were actively trading with India. • Africa is the continent that Europeans tried to find their way around in order to reach India

African Cultures Three empires arose in Western Africa between 400 A. D and the 1400 s : Ghana, Mali and Songhai Africa – a history of empires – not a united society § Ghana was located near the salt mines of the Sahara and the gold mines to the south. They prospered by taxing trade goods. Ghana became a Muslim Kingdome in the 1100’s but frequent wars with the Muslims took their toll. § Empire of the Mali built its wealth and power by controlling the salt and gold trade. Mali reached its peak in the 1300 s. By that time the open of new gold mines had shifted the trade routes farther east and helped make the city of Timbuktu a grate center of trade and Muslim scholarship. § Along the Niger River, the empire of the Songhai emerged. They seized Timbuktu in 1468.

Slavery ancient custom § Slavery existed in African society. Most of the people enslaved in African societies had been captured in war. Many African societies would either ransom captive back to their people or absorbed them into their society. § West African slavery began to change with the arrival of European and Arab traders who exchanged goods for enslaved people. Sugar growers from Spain and Portugal also sought enslaved Africans. • 800/900 AD Muslim trades brought Islam to Africa – camel caravans crossed the Sahara • They also came for gold and slaves and took them to Middle East – Saudi Arabia, Iran (Persia) and Iraq

Beginning of the Slave Trade § Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to Saharan Africa § Native rulers sold prisoners of war and others to Portuguese as slaves from slave castles and factories § Portuguese came for slaves and gold

Voyages of Exploration

Exploring America Christopher Columbus believed it was possible to circumnavigate the earth to find a trade route to Asia by sailing west by studying maps of ancient Greeks and Arabs. He predicted that India and Spain were not far apart. Spain Claims America § Columbus convinced Spain’s King Ferdinand Queen Isabella to finance his trip. He sailed westward across the uncharted Atlantic Ocean until he reached the Bahamas then head farther in the Caribbean, searching for gold. He found the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. § Columbus returned to Spain in 1493 with gold, parrots, spices and Native Americans. The outcome of his trip put the Spanish in conflict with the Portuguese which had claimed control over the Atlantic route to Asia. § In 1493 Pope Alexander VI established a line of demarcation an imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. § Spain would control everything west of the line and Portugal would control everything to the east.

Naming America Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first discovered that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts as initially thought from Columbus' voyages. In 1507 a German mapmaker proposed the new continent be named America for “Amerigo”.

New Spain § Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands § These men were known as Conquistadors or “Conquerors. ” § By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire New France § By 1602 King Henry IV of France authorized a group of French merchants to establish a colony in what is today Canada. The merchants hired Samuel de Champlain who founded Quebec that became the capital city of the colony of New France. § The French settlers made money form the fur trade. They made their homes among the Native Americans with whom they traded. § In 1663 King Louis XIV made new France a royal colony and the French government began sending new settlers. By the 1670’s New France had nearly 7, 000 colonists. § As the colonies grew the French continued to explore North America. In 1682 Rene de La Salle followed the Mississippi all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed the region for France and named the territory Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV.

New Netherland • In 1609 the Dutch East India company hired English navigator Henry Hudson to locate a passage to Asia through North America. • Hudson’s search led to the discovery of the Hudson River that bears his name and the state of New York. The Dutch claimed the land named it New Netherland, and created a settlement on Manhattan Island called New Amsterdam. • The settlers depended on the fur trade so the population never grew. By 1646 there were only 1, 500 people living in the colony.

England’s First Colonies • In the late 1500 s dramatic religious, economic and political changes in England encouraged the founding of the first English colonies in North America. Protestant Reformation Some English people supported the new Anglican church of England but others wanted more reforms. Puritans wanted to purify the Anglican Church of any remaining Catholic elements. They also disapproved of the monarch having the power to appoint bishops to run the church. The puritan cause suffered when King James became king because he refused to tolerate any changes in the Anglian church. As a result it led to many Puritans leaving to America.

Economic Changes § In the 1500 s due to England’s rise in population, many leaders believed it was necessary to colonize more. § Wool cloth trade was growing in importance. As a result, Merchants were eager to find new markets to trade with and to find more resources. § Merchants organized Joint Stock Companies. § Joint Stock Companies: Companies join together and issue stock to investors in order to raise large sums of money.

The Chesapeake Colonies § 1606 King James granted a charter to the Virginia Company. It gave stockholders permission to start colonies in Virginia. 104 men survived the initial trip and created the settlement called Jamestown. § In 1607 the winter was harsh so Captain John Smith began bartering goods for food with the Powhatan Confederacy. This trade helped the colony survive. By the end of 1610 only 60 of the original 104 men survived. Tobacco saves the colony § The only way the colony could make money was the use of a crash crop. § By 1614 the colony sent its first tobacco shipment to England. As a result, they began planting large sums. § By 1618 the Virginia Company granted the colonists the right to elect a lawmaking body. The elected representatives were called burgesses, and the assembly was called the House of Burgesses. The company introduced the system of Head rights. The system in which settlers were granted land in exchanged for settling in Virginia. § In 1619 the first Africans were brought to Virginia. A Dutch slave ship stopped to trade for supplies, and the Jamestown settlers purchased 20 African as “Christian servant” not slaves.

Maryland is founded § George Calvert who held the title Lord Baltimore founded a colony where they could practice their religion freely because Catholics were persecuted in England. § Maryland was a proprietary colony. The proprietor, or owner had almost unlimited authority over the colony, except that he could do nothing that was contrary to English law. Pilgrims and Puritans § Separatists seeking refuge from religious persecution fled the Netherlands and England creating the Plymouth Colony. § Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Massachusetts seeking religious freedom. While aboard the ship all 41 passengers signed the Mayflower Compact: a written framework of government.

Massachusetts Bay Colony § In 1625 religious persecution of the Puritans increased. At the same time a depression struck England’s wool industry. The depression caused high unemployment, particularly in areas where large numbers of Puritans lived. § As a result John Winthrop and other wealthy Puritans decided to turn their business investments into a refuge for Puritans in America. Winthrop preached the new colony should be an example to the world. § The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company defined the new colony’s government and established a General Court which named John Winthrop as the first governor. Puritans kept the governance of church and state separate. They did not tolerate the expression of different religious idea.

Rhode Island Dissent § Roger Williams a Puritan minister in the Bay colony preached Puritans who stayed with the Anglican Church were corrupt, and declared the King had no right to take lands from Native Americans. § In 1635 the Massachusetts General Court ordered him to be deported back to England. Instead he fled and escaped. He then purchased land from the Narragansett tribe and founded the town of Providence in 1636. The town’s government had no authority over religious matters. Religious beliefs were tolerated rather than suppressed. § Ann Hutchinson was charged with heresy and banished from the Bay colony for questioning the authority of ministers. She and a few of her followers founded Portsmouth, Rhode Island. § Later the Bay colony banished other dissenters who headed south and founded Newport, Rhode Island in 1639 and Warwick, Rhode Island in 1643. Eventually the settlements form to become the single colony of Rhode Island Providence Plantations.

New England Expands § In 1636 Reverend Thomas Hooker frustrated with the Massachusetts political system received permission from the Massachusetts General Court to move his congregation to the Connecticut River Valley. § The settlers founded the city of Hartford. Hooker helped write the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. This constitution adopted in 1639 allowed all adult men to vote. The territory north of Massachusetts § The southern north part was called New Hampshire, where the more northern territory was called Maine. § Massachusetts claimed them both but in 1679 New Hampshire became a royal colony. Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until 1820.

King Phillip’s War § In the 1670’s the fur trade declined as the colonial government demanded that Native Americans follow English law and customers. § In 1675 Plymouth Colony arrested, tried and executed three Wampanoag men for murder. This act started a war called King Philp’s War named after the Wampanoag leader, Metacomet, who the settlers called King Philip. § Colonists killed Metacomet in 1676 and put his head on a pike and paraded it thought their settlements. By the time the war ended in 1678 there were few Native Americans left in the New England area.

England’s Civil War and New Colonies § The English Civil War arose from a power struggle between King Charles I and the English Parliament. In 1642 the king sent troops to arrest Puritan leaders who dominated the governing body of Parliament. § Parliament responded by sending its own army. Battles between the king’s troops and Parliament’s troops resulted in the king’s capture and beheading in 1649. § The leader of Parliament’s troops, Oliver Cromwell ruled as a dictator over the England until his death. Parliament invited King Charles’s son, Charles II, to take throne after Cromwell’s son tried to rule unsuccessfully. With the monarch restored in 1660 the English government began backing a new round of colonization in America.

New York and New Jersey § The Dutch colony of New Netherland grew slowly during the 1600’s. To aid the growth the Dutch allowed anyone to buy land. By 1664, New Netherlands had more than 10, 000 people with immigrants from the Netherlands Britain, Scandinavia, Germany and France. § The English and the Dutch were commercial rivals. In 1664 King Charles II successfully took New Netherland from the Dutch and grant the land to his brother, James the Duke of York. James renamed the colony New York. § He also received and granted to others a large parcel of land between Delaware Bay and the Connecticut River, naming it New Jersey. To attract settlers, the New Jersey colony offered generous land grants, religious freedom, and the right to have a legislative assembly.

Pennsylvania and Delaware § In 1681 to settle a debt owed to William Penn’s father Charles II granted Penn a large tract of land between New York and Maryland. § Penn was a Quakers saw no need for ministers and believed in religious toleration and were anti-war. § Penn wanted his new colony to be a place of political and religious freedom. He tried to treat Native American fairly. He named the capital Philadelphia. The colony’s government provided an elected assembly and guaranteed religious freedom. § In 1684 Peen acquired three counties south of Pennsylvania from the Duke of York. These lower counties later became the colony of Delaware.

The Carolinas § King Charles II wanted the land between Virginia and Spanish Florida. Charles awarded the lands to eight of his friends in 1663. The land was named Carolina-Latin for Charles. § Although the colonies were not separated until 1729 it developed as two separate regions. § North Carolina was home to a small population of farmers who grew tobacco as a cash crop. § In South Carolina they tried to cultivate sugarcane, but the crop failed. As a result, they exported deerskins from the local Native Americans. The colonists also sold enslaved Native Americans to the West Indies.

The Georgia Experiment § In the 1720’s James Oglethorpe a Member of Parliament was appalled to find many of the imprisoned people in England were debtors, not strictly criminals. § As a result, he asked the king for a colony here poor people could start over. § In 1732 King George II made Oglethorpe and 19 others the trustees for the territory. They named the territory Georgia, in honor of the king. In 1752 Georgia became a royal colony. Colonial Society Develops § Between 1650 and 1700 the colonial population increased from about 50, 000 to more than 250, 000. The colonies took on distinctive regional characteristics. § Each of the three regions, New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies had its own social structure, geography and economy.

New England Society § Most New Englanders were subsistence framers, producing just enough food to support their own families. § Townspeople began discussing local problems and issues at town meetings. These meetings developed into local governments, with landowners holding the right to vote and pass laws. § They elected selectmen to oversee town matters and appointed clerks, constables, and other officials. Any resident could attend a town meeting and express their opinion. § As a result, New England developed a strong belief in their right to govern themselves. Town meetings helped set the stage for the American Revolution and the emergence of democratic government.

Southern Society § A plantation system created a society with distinct social classes. Wealthy planters led very different lives from small farmers in the middle and enslaved Africans at the bottom. § Most of the landowners were small plots of land practiced subsistence farmers that produced only enough to feed their families. § Landless tenant farmers made up another large group but had a higher social status than indentured servants. Indentured servants had higher social status then enslaved Africans who worked the plantations. Indentured servants Were not slaves, but they were not free. The person who bought a servant’s contract promised to provide food, clothing and shelter to the servant until the indentured expired. In return, the servant agreed to work for the owner of the contract for a specific number of years.

The Growth of Enslaved labor § In 1676 after Virginia’s governor refused to protect backcountry framers from attacks by Native Americans planter Nathaniel Bacon organized his own militia to do the fighting. § He then arched his force to capital, Jamestown and burned it to the ground. After Bacon’s Rebellion ended Bacon died. It convinced many wealthy planters that land should be made available to backcountry farmers and led to an increase reliance on enslaved labor. Planters switched to enslaved African labor for several reasons: § Workers did not have to be freed and would never demand their own land. § Fewer English settlers were willing to become indentured servants. § English government adopted policies that encouraged slavery.

The Colonial Economies § In the early colonial era, settlers lacked money to invest in the local industry. As a result, they had to import most manufactured goods from England. § They produced few goods England wanted. Instead of trading directly with England colonial merchants developed systems of triangular trade involving three way exchange of goods between America, Europe and Africa. Triangular Trade § First part of the triangular trade system started with New England merchants who shipped fish, lumber, and meat to sugar planters in the Caribbean. In exchange they received bills of exchange-credit slips from English Merchants. Usually, purchased molasses in which they would turn into rum. § Then the second part of the three way trade transported guns and rum from New England to West Africa. In return they received enslaved Africans. The last part of the trade system was shipping enslaved Africans to the Caribbean. The demand for enslaved labor on plantations fueled the triangular trade system.

New England Economy § Fishing and whaling was the main industry. Colonists found markets for their fish in the colonies, southern Europe, and the Caribbean. New England also developed a thriving lumber industry. As a result, ship building became an important business. Southern Colonies Economy § Tobacco was the South’s most successful crop. Additionally, in the Carolinas they grew rice. Imperial System The British imperial system was based on the principle that the colonies’ most important function was to provide wealth to the home country. The system was designed to keep competition out. Mercantilism: The economic theory about the world economy. Mercantilist believed to become a wealthy country it must acquire gold and silver. A country could do this by selling more goods to other countries then it bought from them. They also argued a country should be self-sufficient in raw materials. As a result, theory is a state’s power depends on its wealth.

Navigation Acts § In 1660 King Charles II requested Parliament pass a series of Navigation Acts that imposed restrictions on the colonial trade. § These acts required that all goods shipped to and from the colonies be carried on English ships and listed specific products that could only be sold to England or other English colonies. § The acts angered colonists. Colonists started to break the law by smuggling goods to Europe, the Caribbean, and Africa. Dominion of New England § In 1685 King James II to action to end the smuggling. He revoked the charters of some colonies and merged the colonies into dominions. § § The Dominion of New England was governed by Sir Edmund Andros. He became extremely unpopular because he levied new taxes and placed restrictions on religion.

The Glorious Revolution § The people of England were offended angered at King James II because he disregarded Parliament and was a practicing Catholic. When news of his son being born Parliament acted by inviting his daughter Mary who was protestant and her husband to take over rule. § Soon after colonist ousted Governor Andros and Mary and William allowed Rhode Island Connecticut to resume their previous forms of government.

The Enlightenment § During the 1700 s the English colonies came under the influence of the Enlightenment and Great Awakening. § Enlightenment thinkers came to believe that natural laws applied to social, political, and economic relationships, and that people could figure out these natural laws if they employed reason. § This emphasis on logic and reason was known as rationalism. § Rationalism Philosophy that emphasizes the role of logic and reason in gaining knowledge. John Locke Enlightenment Philosopher: wrote there were times when revolution against the king could be justified. Locke’s contract theory of government and natural rights influenced the thinking of future American political leaders.

The Great Awakening While some Americans turned away from religious worldview others renewed their Christian faith. Many Americans embraced a European religious movement called pietism. The Movement stressed an individual’s piety and emotional union with God. Throughout the colonies ministers held religious revivals that were large public meetings for preaching and prayer. This widespread resurgence of increased religious fervor became known as the Great awakening. In 1734 a Massachusetts preacher named Jonathan Edwards helped launch the Great Awakening. The sermons were terrifying and emotional arguing a person had to repent and convert. The Awakening attracted and inspired many to a more religious life and helped produce new Christian religions.