FIRST AID Immediate Assistance or treatment given to

FIRST AID. Immediate Assistance or treatment given to someone suddenly taken ill or injured before arrival of ambulance or the Doctor. 5/22/2021 First aid. 1

AIMS OF FIRST AID. • To preserve life. • To limit worsening of the condition. • To promote recovery. 5/22/2021 First aid. 2

BEING A FIRST AIDER. • • Be calm. Summon appropriate help. Control bystanders. Protect casualties and others from possible danger. • Identify the most serious casualty first. • Remain with the casualty until appropriate help is provided. • Report the observations to the one taking over. • Protect yourself from harm. DO NOT: • Cause harm • Do something for the sake of doing something. 5/22/2021 First aid. 3

ABC • First principles in life saving. 5/22/2021 First aid. 4

Airway. • Air way can be blocked by foreign bodies or artificial teeth. • In unconscious person, tongue falls back and obstructs airway. • Extending neck is the only way to open it. 5/22/2021 First aid. 5

Mouth to mouth breathing. If no breething, • Close nose, keep neck extended. • Blow the normal expiratory air [400 – 500 ml] into mouth. • Observe for chest movement. 5/22/2021 First aid. 6

Examination for heart beat. • Carotid pulse is the easiest and reliable indication of heart beat. • It is felt between trachea and sternomastoid muscle on the transverse process of cervical vertebra. 5/22/2021 First aid. 7

Cardiac massage. • Keep the heels of the hands on top of each other on the middle of the sternum. • Transfer the weight of your body on sternum quickly, depress 4 cm. to compress ventricle between vertebra and sternum. 5/22/2021 First aid. 8

Choking - concius. • A foreign body stuck in throat. Try removing if visible. • Bend forward and give five back slaps and if visible remove. • Stand behind and give sharp pull on upper abdomen- try to push diaphragm. 5/22/2021 First aid. 9

Chocking – unconscious. • Inspect mouth and remove if visible. • Turn to side and give five back slaps. • Give a sharp push in the upper abdomen. 5/22/2021 First aid. 10

FIRE • Triangle : ignition, fuel, and oxygen. • Burning clothing: Stop, drop and roll. Or cover with heavy clothing. • Actions: • • 5/22/2021 Activate fire alarm. Assist all out of the building. Close all doors behind you. Don't run. Walk briskly. Don’t use lift. If smoke, keep low. If jump out, leg first. First aid. 11

Clothing on fire. 5/22/2021 First aid. 12

BURNS AND SCALDS. • Cold water flushing. • Gently remove, jewellery, belt, watch, constricting cloth. • Check breathing. • DO NOT: – Break blisters. – Apply adhesive dressings, lotions, ointments, fats. 5/22/2021 First aid. 13

ELECTRICAL INJURIES. • Passage may stun and stop heart or breathing. CPR • Burns in entry and exit wounds. • Muscle spasm- hold the source and could “live”. • Brake contact with non metalic object, stand on nonconductor. • Wet cloths, wet hands: extremly dangerous. 5/22/2021 First aid. 14

HIGH VOLTAGE CURRENT. • May jump (arc) up to 18 meters. • Usually immediately fatal. • Severe burns occur. • Sudden spasm of muscles can throw victim and cause fractures. 5/22/2021 First aid. 15

CHEMICAL BURNS. • Disperse harmful chemical. • Make the area safe. 5/22/2021 First aid. 16

Drowning. • Save the survivor from a distance unless expert in water. • Carry the unconcious person head low when out of water. • Look for ABC. 5/22/2021 First aid. 17

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SOFT TISSUE INJURIES. • • RICE- 5/22/2021 REST THE INJURED PART. APPLY ICE COMPRESS. ELEVATE. First aid. 19

MINOR WOUNDS • Wash your hand with soap and water. • If wound is dirty, rinse under running water, pat dry, and cover with clean cloth. • Elevate the wound. • Clean the surrounding area with soap and water. 5/22/2021 First aid. 20

FOREIGN BODIES. • Remove loose ones. • If embedded, pad around and bandage. • Removal can cause further damage and bleeding. 5/22/2021 First aid. 21

BRUISES • Can develop immediately or delayed. • If immediate, – Cool. – Compress – Treat underlying injuries. 5/22/2021 First aid. 22

CRUSH INJURIES. • Less than 10 minutes: – Release the victim as quickly as possible. – Control bleeding. – Support suspected fracture. – Look for signs of shock and treat. • More than 10 minutes: – Do Not remove or release victim until expert care is available. (fluid loss, danger by toxins. ) 5/22/2021 First aid. 23

EYE WOUNDS. • If dirt, wash under running water. • Do Not touch or remove embedded foreign body. • Apply eye pad • Advice not to move the eye. • Send to hospital. • Do Not add anything to eye. 5/22/2021 First aid. 24

INTERNAL BLEEDING. • • • Pallor. Cold, clammy skin. Rapid, weak pulse. Pain. Thirst. Confusion, restlessness, irritability, leading to unconsciousness. 5/22/2021 First aid. 25

NASAL BLEEDING. 5/22/2021 First aid. 26

BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIES. • Recognition. • • 5/22/2021 Violent blow or fall. Snapping sound of a bone or ligament. The sharp pain, made worse by movement. Difficulty in moving the part. Distortion, swelling, bruising. Shock. Shortening, bending, twisting. First aid. 27

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BONE, MUSCLE, JOINT INJURIES. • DO NOT: – Give anything to eat or drink. – Move unnecessarily. • Action: • Prevent blood loss. • Confirm blood flow to distal parts. • Splint- immobilize. 5/22/2021 First aid. 29

Splinting for upper limb. 5/22/2021 First aid. 30

Splinting leg. 5/22/2021 First aid. 31

Splinting thigh, hip. 5/22/2021 First aid. 32

SKULL FRACTURE. • • • A wound on the head. Depression in the scalp. Impairment of consciousness. Progressive deterioration of response. Clear fluid or watery blood from ear or nose. • Distortion of the face. 5/22/2021 First aid. 33

UNCONCIOUSNESS. • CHECK: – AIR WAY – BREATHING. – CIRCULATION. • More than 3 minutessend to hospital. • Do Not: – Give anything by mouth. – Move unnecessarily. – Leave unattended. • Recovery position. 5/22/2021 First aid. 34

DIABETUS MELLITUS. HYPERGLYCAEMIA. • Dry skin. • Rapid pulse. • Deep, labored breathing. • Faint smell of acetone. 5/22/2021 HYPOGLYCAEMIA. • Weakness, faintness, hunger. • Palpitations, tremor. • Strange actions and behavior. • Sweating. • Cold, clammy skin. • Strong, pounding pulse. • Shallow breathing. • Deteriorating level of response. First aid. 35