First Aid For Schools Welcom e 2 The

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First Aid For Schools Welcom e

First Aid For Schools Welcom e

2 The role of the first aider Assessing the situation Minimising infection risks What

2 The role of the first aider Assessing the situation Minimising infection risks What happened Number of casualties History, signs, symptoms Wash hands before and after giving help Wear disposable gloves Wear protective clothing if needed Cover your own cuts with a plaster Dispose of contaminated waste carefully Use sterile, undamaged, in-date dressings Protecting from dangers Assess for further danger Protect yourself first Getting help Ask bystanders Which emergency services? Recognise your limitations Prioritising treatment Most urgent thing first Most urgent person first Offer support and comfort Gaining Consent

54 First aid kits

54 First aid kits

54 First aid kits

54 First aid kits

2 The aims of first aid P Preserve Life P Prevent Worsening P Promote

2 The aims of first aid P Preserve Life P Prevent Worsening P Promote Recovery

3 Scene survey What things should you consider before treating anyone? • What happened?

3 Scene survey What things should you consider before treating anyone? • What happened? • Further danger? • Can you cope? • Number of casualties? • Emergency services? • Who needs help first?

4 -5 The primary survey 1. Treat life-threatening conditions as soon as you find

4 -5 The primary survey 1. Treat life-threatening conditions as soon as you find them, before moving on 2. You might not get as far as C 3. “Catastrophic Bleeding” can be prioritised before “Airway”

Life-threatening conditions 4 -5 • • The tongue Vomit Choking Burns Strangulation Hanging Anaphylaxis

Life-threatening conditions 4 -5 • • The tongue Vomit Choking Burns Strangulation Hanging Anaphylaxis • • Asthma Crushing of chest Chest injury Collapsed lung Poisoning Anaphylaxis Cardiac arrest • • • Heart attack Heart failure Severe bleeding Poisoning Anaphylaxis Cardiac arrest

8 Chain of survival

8 Chain of survival

8 Resuscitation (CPR)

8 Resuscitation (CPR)

11 CPR with child modifications 1/3 depth of chest

11 CPR with child modifications 1/3 depth of chest

8 Resuscitation (CPR) WARNING: In the first few minutes after cardiac arrest, a casualty

8 Resuscitation (CPR) WARNING: In the first few minutes after cardiac arrest, a casualty may be barely breathing, or taking infrequent, noisy gasps. These are known as agonal gasps and should not be confused with normal breathing. If you are in doubt, start CPR.

Agonal Gasps – Bondi Beach : Old guidelines, slow CPR, but there isn’t a

Agonal Gasps – Bondi Beach : Old guidelines, slow CPR, but there isn’t a better video to show agonal gasps!

8 Resuscitation (CPR) Sometimes a casualty can have a seizure-like episode when the heart

8 Resuscitation (CPR) Sometimes a casualty can have a seizure-like episode when the heart stops. Carefully consider if the casualty is breathing normally.

Resuscitation (CPR) CHRIS SOLOMENS YOUTUBE LINK: ‘Seizure like episode’ at 2: 37. Please ignore

Resuscitation (CPR) CHRIS SOLOMENS YOUTUBE LINK: ‘Seizure like episode’ at 2: 37. Please ignore the speed and depth of the chest compressions!

10 Automated External Defibrillation (AED)

10 Automated External Defibrillation (AED)

8 Vomit during resuscitation Gurgling noises when giving rescue breaths? (minimise the interruption to

8 Vomit during resuscitation Gurgling noises when giving rescue breaths? (minimise the interruption to CPR)

6 Secondary survey History Signs Symptoms • What happened • Pale skin • How

6 Secondary survey History Signs Symptoms • What happened • Pale skin • How do they feel? • Casualty’s medical history • Cyanosis • Do they have pain? • Flushed skin • Where is it? • Medication • Fast, slow, weak or irregular pulse • Can they describe it? • Last eaten • Abnormal breathing • Forces involved: Worst injuries this could have caused • Smell (such as alcohol) • Allergies (treat for the worst!) • Swelling • Deformity • Does anything make it worse or better? • When did it start? • How severe is it? Other feelings: • Sickness • Dizziness • Feeling hot or cold • Hunger or thirst

40 Spinal injury – recognition • Blow to head, neck or back (especially resulting

40 Spinal injury – recognition • Blow to head, neck or back (especially resulting in unconsciousness) • Fall from height (e. g. horse) • Dive into shallow water • Accident involving speed (e. g. knocked down or a car accident) • Cave in accident (e. g. crushing, or collapsed rugby scrum). • Multiple injuries • Pain or tenderness in neck or back after accident (pain killers or other injuries can mask pain – beware). • If you are in any doubt

10 Secondary survey

10 Secondary survey

9 Causes of unconsciousness F I S H Fainting Imbalance of heat Shock Head

9 Causes of unconsciousness F I S H Fainting Imbalance of heat Shock Head injury S H A P E D Stroke Heart attack Asphyxia Poisoning Epilepsy Diabetes

14 Unconscious casualty Airway blocked by the tongue. Airway blocked by vomit.

14 Unconscious casualty Airway blocked by the tongue. Airway blocked by vomit.

Recovery position 15 1 2 3 4

Recovery position 15 1 2 3 4

15 Recovery position - baby

15 Recovery position - baby

15 Unconscious casualty DO: DO NOT: • Turn the casualty on to the opposite

15 Unconscious casualty DO: DO NOT: • Turn the casualty on to the opposite side every 30 minutes if they are in the recovery position for a prolonged period. • Place a pillow under the head whilst the casualty is on their back. • Place a heavily pregnant casualty on her left side to help circulation. • Place anything in an unconscious casualty’s mouth.

41 Spinal injury

41 Spinal injury

41 Spinal injury

41 Spinal injury

49 Seizures

49 Seizures

What is Anaphylaxis?

What is Anaphylaxis?

5 Anaphylaxis – recognition Anaphylaxis has three main characteristics: 1. A rapid onset –

5 Anaphylaxis – recognition Anaphylaxis has three main characteristics: 1. A rapid onset – the casualty usually becomes very ill, very quickly. 2. A life-threatening Airway, Breathing or Circulation problem (or a combination of them). 3. A skin rash, flushing and/or swelling (but not all casualties have this).

Spotting and treating anaphylaxis reaction

Spotting and treating anaphylaxis reaction

Anaphylaxis – recognition 5 Airway recognition: • Swelling of the tongue, lips or throat.

Anaphylaxis – recognition 5 Airway recognition: • Swelling of the tongue, lips or throat. A feeling of the throat ‘closing up’. • A hoarse voice or loud pitched, noisy breathing. Breathing recognition: • Difficult, wheezy breathing or a ‘tight chest’. Circulation recognition: • Dizziness, feeling faint or passing out, particularly if sat upright. • Pale, cold, clammy skin and fast pulse. • The rash may disappear. • Nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhoea.

17 Anaphylaxis – CALL 999 AND SAY ANAPHYLAXIS

17 Anaphylaxis – CALL 999 AND SAY ANAPHYLAXIS

18 Asthma

18 Asthma

18 Asthma - recognition • Difficulty breathing • Wheezy breath sounds originating from the

18 Asthma - recognition • Difficulty breathing • Wheezy breath sounds originating from the lungs. • Difficulty speaking (will need to take a breath in the middle of a sentence). • Pale, clammy skin • Grey or blue lips and skin • Use of muscles in the neck and upper chest • Exhaustion in a severe attack • May become unconscious and stop breathing in a prolonged attack

18 Asthma - recognition Silence in asthma is not good. It is deadly.

18 Asthma - recognition Silence in asthma is not good. It is deadly.

15 Asthma DO: DO NOT: • Keep the casualty upright • Lay the casualty

15 Asthma DO: DO NOT: • Keep the casualty upright • Lay the casualty down • Use a spacer device if possible • Take them outside in cold air

12 Choking recognition • Often happens whilst eating / drinking • Ask “are you

12 Choking recognition • Often happens whilst eating / drinking • Ask “are you choking? ” Mild choking: Severe choking: • Can cough and answer your question • Weakening cough • Unable to speak – may ‘nod’ in response to your question. • Struggling or unable to breathe. • Distressed look on the face. • Will become unconscious if untreated.

12 Choking adult or child Cough! 5 Back Blows 5 Abdominal Thrusts

12 Choking adult or child Cough! 5 Back Blows 5 Abdominal Thrusts

12 Choking baby 5 Back Blows 5 Chest Thrusts

12 Choking baby 5 Back Blows 5 Chest Thrusts

13 Choking – unconscious casualty Unconscious = Start CPR!

13 Choking – unconscious casualty Unconscious = Start CPR!

13 Choking – seeking medical advice After successful choking treatment, seek immediate medical attention

13 Choking – seeking medical advice After successful choking treatment, seek immediate medical attention if the casualty: • Has received abdominal thrusts; • Has difficulty swallowing; • Has a persistent cough; OR • Feels like ‘an object is still stuck in the throat’.

12 Head injuries Concussion Compression Unconsciousness for a short period, followed by an increase

12 Head injuries Concussion Compression Unconsciousness for a short period, followed by an increase in levels of response and recovery. Could have a history of recent head injury with apparent recovery, but then deteriorates. Short term memory loss (particularly of the incident). Confusion, irritability. Levels of response become worse as condition develops. Mild, general headache. Intense headache. Pale, clammy skin. Flushed, dry skin. Shallow / normal breathing. Deep, noisy, slow breathing. (Pressure on the respiratory control area of the brain) Rapid, weak pulse. Slow, strong pulse. (Blood diverts away from the extremities) (Caused by raised blood pressure) Normal pupils, reacting to light. One or both pupils dilate as pressure increases on the brain. Possible nausea or vomiting on recovery. Condition becomes worse. Fits may occur. No recovery.

42 Serious head injuries – Concussion

42 Serious head injuries – Concussion

42 Serious head injuries – Compression

42 Serious head injuries – Compression

42 Serious head injuries – Compression

42 Serious head injuries – Compression

48 Focal seizure

48 Focal seizure

48 Focal leading to generalised seizure

48 Focal leading to generalised seizure

26 Shock – normal circulation The heart is pumping fine, there is enough blood

26 Shock – normal circulation The heart is pumping fine, there is enough blood and the blood vessels have good tone.

26 Hypovolaemic shock Blood or fluids are lost

26 Hypovolaemic shock Blood or fluids are lost

28 Blood loss About one third

28 Blood loss About one third

28 Types of wound spurts oozes trickles

28 Types of wound spurts oozes trickles

29 Treatment of bleeding Sit or Lay Rapidly assess: Examine • Type of bleed

29 Treatment of bleeding Sit or Lay Rapidly assess: Examine • Type of bleed • Exact point of bleeding Pressure 10 minutes Dress • Foreign objects

30 Catastrophic bleeding – prioritising treatment

30 Catastrophic bleeding – prioritising treatment

30 Haemostatic dressings For life-threatening bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful

30 Haemostatic dressings For life-threatening bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Neck – abdomen – groin – armpit • If possible – apply pressure to exact point of pulsating bleeding and mop out pooled blood • TIGHTLY pack the whole wound • Compress for 5 minutes (repeat if needed) • Send packaging to hospital with casualty Do not block the air flow in a sucking chest wound

30 Haemostatic dressings For life-threatening bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful

30 Haemostatic dressings For life-threatening bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Neck – abdomen – groin – armpit Celox gauze training video: https: //youtu. be/0 i. Nh. Ca. NKQk. E

32 Minor injuries – contusion (bruise) Contusion Bruise

32 Minor injuries – contusion (bruise) Contusion Bruise

32 Minor injuries – abrasion (graze) Contusion Abrasion Graze

32 Minor injuries – abrasion (graze) Contusion Abrasion Graze

29 Types of wound – laceration Contusion Abrasion Laceration

29 Types of wound – laceration Contusion Abrasion Laceration

29 Types of wound – incision Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision

29 Types of wound – incision Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision

31 Types of wound – penetrating Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating

31 Types of wound – penetrating Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating

31 Types of wound – penetrating Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating

31 Types of wound – penetrating Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating

31 Types of wound – penetrating / laceration Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating

31 Types of wound – penetrating / laceration Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating

33 Types of wound – amputation Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation

33 Types of wound – amputation Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation

33 Amputation Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation

33 Amputation Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation

31 Types of wound – de-gloved Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation De-gloved

31 Types of wound – de-gloved Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation De-gloved

32 Embedded object Embedded glass

32 Embedded object Embedded glass

32 Minor injuries – splinter 4 Tetanus?

32 Minor injuries – splinter 4 Tetanus?

33 Minor injuries – nosebleed Nosebleed

33 Minor injuries – nosebleed Nosebleed

35 Burns treatment 1 Cool – 20 Minutes 2 Remove 3 Dress

35 Burns treatment 1 Cool – 20 Minutes 2 Remove 3 Dress

First Training Aid Thank you!

First Training Aid Thank you!