Fire Safety Engineering Structures in Fire Workshop at

Fire Safety Engineering & Structures in Fire Workshop at Indian Institute of Science 9 -13 August, 2010 Bangalore India Development of Codes and Practice Session JT 2 Organisers: CS Manohar and Ananth Ramaswamy Indian Institute of Science Speakers: Jose Torero, Asif Usmani and Martin Gillie The University of Edinburgh Funding and Sponsorship:

Construction No Architectural Concept Consultation with Parties Structural Design of Services Fire Safety • Authorities • Fire Brigades Yes Construction Design of Fire Safety Systems Fire Safety Inspection No • Authorities • Fire Brigades Yes Acceptance

The Cost of Error £ Architecture Design Construction £ Unlimited Acceptance £ 1 £ 2

Architecture • Smoke Management • Evacuation • Access for Fire Brigade Structures Mechanical Engineering • HVAC systems • Hydraulic Systems Civil Engineering • Fire Resistance Fire Safety Engineering • Detection & Alarm • Smoke Management • Suppression & Control • Fire Resistance • Evacuation • Access for F. B. • Security

Fire Safety Strategies ♦ Prescriptive Design ♦ Performance Based Design

Life Safety Compartmentation Structure Response

Life Safety Common Sense Compartmentation Locate According to manufacturers Specifications Specify According to Manufacturers Standard Test Data Structure Response Define according to simple rules (Common Sense) Common Sense

Can the same rules be applied?

The Dome London Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris Intercontinental Hotel, Shanghai

Compliance ♦ Limited to conventional buildings – Conventional is less and less frequent – Construction has evolved faster than codes – Construction has evolved faster than our capacity to train authorities/engineers/fire service ♦ Codes can only be used as a tool for the competent professional

Summary ♦ Fire Safety Engineering is a complex field that interacts with all other disciplines in the construction process ♦ Codes and Standards (classic practises) are viable only for simple buildings – complex buildings require higher level engineering ♦ Fire Safety Engineering is an important profession in the construction process!

Fire Safety Strategies ♦ Evacuation – – Detection Alarm Displacement away from the fire Crowd management ♦ Compartmentation – Slows fire growth – Minimizes smoke spread ♦ Response – Automatic (fire suppression) – External – Internal ♦ Structural Integrity

Time Lines % Evacuation Completed Untenable Conditions Structural Failure 100% t

Solution % 100% Untenable Conditions Evacuation Completed Structural Failure t

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Allen Lambert Gallery (Canada)

Unprotected structure High Ceilings • Delayed detection • Delayed sprinkler Activation Smoke Management

Egress Problem

Combined Construction Methods (Modern. Classic) Refurbishment of Historical Monument Interconnected Multiple Uses Complex use of materials (plastic, steel, stone, etc. )

How are these problems addressed ♦ Can not be addressed by means of codes and standards ♦ They are addressed by a combination of codes & standards as well as analytical tools ♦ The process requires a complex approvals process where everyone involved has to be competent

A Detailed Heron Tower Analysis ♦ Kohn Pedersen Fox ♦ 80 Storey Building in London ♦ Formed of many 4 storey “villages” ♦ Arup: Fire Engineering

Key Issues ♦ How Would a 4 Storey Fire affect: – The structural performance of the building? – Egress? – Fire Detection & Suppression?

The Fire ♦ 4 Storey Atrium Transforms the Fire – None of the conventional methods can address the unique nature of the fire – Fire needs to be modelled ♦ Detection, Suppression and Structure need to be tested against the real fire

Modelling of the Fire

What does the Engineer need to know? ♦ What does an engineer need to know to be able to conduct an adequate CFD analysis of this fire? ♦ What does an engineer need to know to be able to transfer the fire information to test Detection, Suppression and Structure?