Finnish Meteorological Institute Observation Services Keijo Leminen and

Finnish Meteorological Institute Observation Services Keijo Leminen and Jani Poutiainen 1. FMI observation networks 2. Customer process 1. Customer process in FMI observations 2. Customer survey results 3. Observation networks, views to 2015 18. 9. 2020

Observations as a part of weather services

FMI Observation networks • • • • Almost 200 automatic weather stations 100 manual precipitation stations 8 weather radars 3 radio sounding stations 4 instrumented masts 8 lightning detection sites 9 weather camera stations 15 air quality stations 9 radioactivity stations 12 magnetometers 7 aurora borealis cameras 13 sea level height measurement sites 20 solar radiation stations Manual weather station Automatic and manual combined Mast (including research masts) Radar Manual precipitation station (daily) Manual precipitation station (monthly) More than 400 observation sites in Finland 18. 9. 2020 3

National network – central methods of observation Surface weather station Radio sounding Weather radar Mast observations Space weather Lightning location Air quality obs 4

Changes in different observation networks PRECIPITATION 18. 9. 2020 5

The amount of real time observations (10 minutes interval) 2005 2010

Development of real time AWS observations 2006 2010 7

High level process of the Observation Services and customer process as a part of it Customer process

Customer process: Goals and practices • FMI Observation Service production: • Observation data services (weather, sea, air quality, magnetism), • Technical and expert services for research and consulting • The target of the customer process: • Thorough up to date understanding on customer needs and satisfaction. • Feedback loop for operations. • Identification of services which the clients value the most • Find out the relative importance of the customers (priorities). • Prepare plans to support the unit management and annual investment plans 18. 9. 2020 9

Customer survey 2009 • Survey directed to FMI internal customer groups • Survey conducted by 9 -point scale • First quantative results on service quality Service quality level definitions: • Expected service level • Perceived service level • Lowest acceptable service level • 18. 9. 2020 10

Service quality survey: Quality attributes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Willingness to provide service and collaborate. 22. Radio soundings. Customer is actively informed on changes about working 23. Air craft observations. environment, observation network and service offerings. 24. GPS observations (atmospheric water vapor content). Customer gets information about working environment, 25. Mast observations. observation network and service offerings, if asked. 26. Satellite observations. Staff understands the needs of the customer. 27. Weather camera observations. Customer given feedback is taken into account. 28. Research support observations (e. g. Sodankylä or Helsinki Staff has time to answer to questions/needs. Testbed). Services are produced on agreed schedule. 29. Observation equipment and methods are up-to-date. Error situations are handled quickly. 30. Spatial amount (2 D) of observations. Responsibility distinction between your unit and the Observation 31. Volumetric amount (3 D) of observations. Services is clear. 32. Temporal resolution of observations. Staff's expertise on the field of observation production. 33. Real-timeliness of observations (delays). Easiness in dealing with the Observation Services. 34. Width of variable selection. Quality of services as a whole. 35. Observation accessibility (data breaks). The Observation Services' activities are cost-efficient. 36. Easiness in using observations. Weather radar observations. 37. Easiness in using metadata. Lightning location observations. 38. Quality of observations. Surface observations (basic variables: temperature, humidity, pressure, wind). 39. Feasibility of produced observations to my purposes. Surface observations (basic variables: rain and snow). 40. Your unit. Surface observations (present change pressure: ground 41. How often do you use some information or service provided minimum temperature measurement). by the Observation Services? 1=never, 2=very seldom, 3=annually, 4=semi-annually, 5=monthly, 6=weekly, 7=daily, Surface observations (other variables: radiation, clouds, present 8=hourly, 9=more often. weather etc. ). 42. How did you feel about answering to this survey? 1=very Air quality observations (gas and small particle measurements, negatively (tedious, frustrating) … 9 very positively particle and gas sample collection, lower atmosphere (inspiring, easy). radioactivity measurements etc. ). 43. Free form feedback to the Observation Services. Observations on magnetism (Aurora Borealis observations, magnetic field) 18. 9. 2020 11 Survey scale: from “ 1” extremely unsatisfied to “ 9” extremely satisfied.

Service quality survey: Results Rain and snow Ground minimum temperature Radiation, clouds, present weather -quality and amount MEAN MIN MAX STDEV Lowest acceptable level 6, 58 5, 50 7, 13 0, 47 Expected level 8, 03 5, 50 8, 55 0, 54 Perceived level 7, 15 5, 75 7, 94 0, 47 Perceived-Lowest acceptable level 0, 60 -0, 32 1, 50 0, 45 Perceived-Expected level -0, 85 -1, 96 1, 50 0, 56 Expected-Lowest acceptable level (original zone of tolerance) 1, 44 0 2, 14 0, 37 Scale maximum-Lowest acceptable level (modified zone of tolerance) 2, 42 1, 87 3, 5 0, 47 18. 9. 2020 12

Development needs of produced observations The greatest attention is needed for: • Three dimensional amount of observations, • “Other“ surface weather observations (like radiation, clouds, present weather), • Basic surface weather observations of rain and snow • Ground minimum temperature observations 18. 9. 2020 13

Observation networks, views to 2015 • Automation degree nearly to 100% • Automated precipitation measurement on about 200 sites, mostly based at normal AWS stations. Manual part to minimun • Availability of reliable automatic methods of wintertime precipitation observation required • Automation of surface networks to continue, up to 250 AWS’S • New dual-polarization weather radar network data is expected to compensate precipitation information due to decreasing amount of precipitation measurements. • Lightning location network will give more accurate information with the denser network. • The increase in the amount of marine research measurement sites will be completed. • New observation technologies like wind profiler and lidar networks are to be established. • Weather cameras amount will be increased

Observation services, view to 2015 • • • • Automatic Weather stations (including precipitation) Manual precipitation stations Weather radars, Doppler/Dual Pol Lightning location stations Weather Cameras Sea level measuring stations Wave buoys Wind profilers Lidars, wind measurement Lidars, vulcanic ash detection Instrumented towers Radiosounding stations Air Quality stations Radioactivity stations Magnetometers Auroral station (cameras) 2010 2015 200 100 8/3 8 9 13 2 0 0 0 4 3 15 9 12 7 250 20 8/8 10 20 15 -18 4 2 -5 3 3 4 3 15 9 12 7

Thank you! 18. 9. 2020 16