Finite Verb Review YAAAAAAAAAYYYYYY PARTY Just as nouns

Finite Verb Review YAAAAAAAAAYYYYYY!!! PARTY!!!

Just as nouns have ‘declensions’ in Latin, verbs belong to ‘conjugations. ’ To conjugate a verb is to list all the possible grammatical forms of a verb. Latin verbs belong to four (and a half) conjugations. There are five pieces of grammatical information stored in a finite verb form (i. e. , a ‘normal’ verb, not a verbal): • Person -- 1 st, 2 nd, or 3 rd • Number -- Sing. or Plural • Tense -- Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect • Voice -- Active or Passive • Mood -- Indicative or Subjunctive < But we ain’t there yet! < Or there!

The Present Active Tense -- Everyone’s Favourite The present tense in Latin can be translated as ‘I verb, ’ ‘I am verbing, ’ or ‘I do verb. ’ The six forms of the verb correspond with the six possible person/number combinations. All conjugations follow the same basic pattern with different intermediate vowels. 1 st: 3 rd: I we you he/she/it “To be: ” sumus you (pl. ) es estis they est sunt 2 nd: moneō monēmus amātis monētis amant monent amō amāmus amās amat 4 th: audiō ducimus audimus ducitis auditis ducit ducunt audiunt

Imperfect and Future Actives The imperfect tense is a progressive past tense in Latin: ‘I was verbing, kept on verbing…’ It is formed by inserting -ba- after the present stem, as in amabam, monebam, ducebam, and audiebam (note the -ie-). amābam amābāmus eram erāmus amābātis erātis amābat amābant erant The future, ‘I will/shall verb, ’ is tricky. In the first and second conjugations, a -bi- is inserted after the present stem, but in the third and fourth the ‘old maid vowels’ are used instead. Watch for these! amābō amābimus ducam ducēmus amābitis ducētis amābit amābunt ducent erō erimus eritis erit erunt

Perfective Actives The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses are all formed off of the PERFECT stem (from the 3 rd principal part), not the present stem. All verbs, even irregulars, use the same sets of endings for these tenses, although in some cases the present and perfect stems are quite dissimilar. Perfect: Pluperfect: amāvīmus amāveram amāverāmus amāvistī amāvistis amāverātis amāvit amāvērunt amāverat amāvērant Future Perfect: amāverō amāverimus amāveritis amāverit amāvērint