Finish Haitian Rev Haitian Revolution 1791 1805 Haiti

Finish Haitian Rev

Haitian Revolution 1791 -1805 Haiti Colony under French rule (Napoleon) Revolt: White slavers vs. Mulattos, slaves, freed slaves, Maroon Societies: Communities of escaped slaves Could be small bands

Stage 1 • Spurred on by French Revolution • Toussaint L’Overture o General, uses enlightened ideas Ø Educated by Jesuits ü Influences his opinion of slavery and access to Enlightenment documents and discourse o Revolts Ø Slaves, Maroons, Mulattos, free slaves Ø Used disease to combat French soldiers o Betrayed by France (work out an “agreement” then change their minds)

How can we tell this is Toussaint?

Stage 2 Jean-Jacques Dessalines General #2, continues Toussaint’s work Took advantage of Napoleon busy in Peninsular wars Continues to use disease Secures freedom of Haiti Split into Kingdom and Republic of Haiti

Mc. Neill documented how temperature, rainfall, and ecological changes all favored Aedes propagation, and mosquito density and longevity in the Caribbean, all conducive to the spread of yellow fever in the Caribbean between 1620 and 1914. The epidemic mentioned below began in the spring of 1802 “A man cannot work hard here without risking his life and it is quite impossible for me to remain here for more than six months. . . my health is so wretched that I would consider myself lucky if I could last for that time! The mortality continues and makes fearful ravages. . . You will see that the army which you calculated at twenty-six thousand men is reduced at this moment to twelve thousand. . At this moment I have thirty-six hundred men in the hospital. In the last fortnight I have lost thirty to fifty men a day in the colony, and there is no day when two hundred to two hundred and fifty men do not enter the hospital, while no more than fifty come out. "

In addition, an element absent in other yellow fever outbreaks of the era was ongoing warfare and the presence of an opponent with an understanding of how the fevers differentially affected the Europeans, particularly those newly arrived. In addition to being a guerrilla tactician, Toussaint had medical knowledge and an awareness of when and where the fevers would strike his European enemies. He apparently knew that by maneuvering the whites into the ports and lowlands during the rainy season, they would die in droves. In a letter to Dessalines, he wrote: “Do not forget that while waiting for the rainy season, which will rid us of our enemies, we have only destruction and fire as our weapons. ” This observation suggests what about Toussaint’s

Significance 1 st Latin American state to be independent 1 st successful slave uprising

Vodun & Haitian Revolution Sources _______ • AKA Voodo • Syncretic Religion • Incorporates • African symbolism • • Yoruba Congo • Taino religious beliefs • Roman Catholicism (rituals, relics etc) • European spirituality • Originated in Caribbean during French rule

Haitian Revolution Source work pg _______ Think: What are some rights Enlightened thinkers all mankind are entitled to? 30 sec silent think 1 min turn and talk 1. Write/ respond: How is the Haitian revolution upholding Enlightenment ideals? Hint: think about what group of people are revolting and why

Read sources on Haitian Army and USA response 2. How is Haiti NOT following Enlightened ideals in the first passage? (whether you think it justified or not) • • • Give text evidence and commentary Hint: Think about punishment/imprisonment/torture and Enlightenment ideas about that Gibbets: “ gibbeting refers to the use of a gallows-type structure from which the dead or dying bodies of criminals were hung on public display to deter other existing or potential criminals”

Homework 14. 1 and Latin American Revolutions Reading check due on friday