FINGERPRINTING A TOOL FOR IDENTIFICATION DNA Fingerprinting or

FINGERPRINTING A TOOL FOR IDENTIFICATION

DNA Fingerprinting or DNA Profiling A method of Forensic identification DR. I. HAQUE CFSL, MHA

What is DNA Profiling? Using different state- of the- art techniques a definite DNA pattern is generated to individualise the person just like “ Fingerprinting”. This unique pattern of individual DNA is called DNA Profiling OR DNA Fingerprinting

1 DNA-DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

Simple DNA Structure • The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the “rungs”. » There are four types of nitrogenous bases.

DNA-DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID A T G C C G A T T A G C T A

DNA Gene Protein Trait

DNA Fingerprint Basics • Different individuals carry different alleles. • Most alleles useful for DNA fingerprinting differ on the number of repetitive base sequences they contain. • Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA along these repetitive sequences.

Who Invented it? • The process of DNA fingerprinting was invented by Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in 1985. • He was knighted in 1994. Alec Jeffreys

VICTIM? Rape Murder Burglary Violent Crimes CRIME SCENE CRIMINAL? A TRIANGLE OF CRIME

DNA Evidence Locard Exchange Theory The Locard Exchange Theory states that when two objects come into contact, there will be an exchange of material. This may involve transfer between two individuals, an individual and the crime scene or between the crime scene and another location.

Nucleus Single Cell

Genome organization DNA m. RNA Protein Chromosome Nucleus Cell

Human Genome

Applications … Non-coding region individual identification / forensic applications, etc. genetic diversity chromosome rearrangements chromosomal origin association studies linkage analysis marker-assisted selection (MAS) livestock and crop improvement assessment and management of biodiversity molecular taxonomy Coding region genetic diseases disease diagnostics pharmacogenomics association studies

First DNA Cases: By Dr. A. Jeffreys FORENSIC FIRSTS: DNA Profiling and the Colin Pitchfork Case Colin Pitchfork, aka The Black Pad Killer

Simple paternity

– Blood – Semen/ sperm – Body tissue/ skin – Bone/ bone marrow – Hair/ hair roots – Saliva/ bite marks – Urine – Teeth/dental – Fecal material – Mucous

DNA FINGERPRINTING IS POSSIBLE FROM Biological Stains on Any Matrix Like- Saliva, Semen, Blood on: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. CLOTHINGS (Pants, shirts, sarees, salwar-kurta, blouses, under garments, etc. ) Beddings (Blankets, Bed Sheets, Pillow Covers) Carpets Cars and Car seats Guns Shoes Cigarette Butts Hairs Bones Teeth Finger Nail Tissues Blood Stains Semen Stains

15. Vaginal Secretions 16. Chewing Gum 17. Razor Blades 18. Tooth Brush 19. Stamps and Envelops 20. Ear Rings 21. Nasal Secretions 22. Ear Wax 23. Watches 24. Coffee Cups, Coke Cans, Beer Bottles, etc. 25. Ski Masks (Saliva and Hair) 26. Caps (Hairs) 27. Shirts (Neck area for sweat) 28. Tooth Picks 29. Eye Glasses & Lenses

Femur Skull Human Bite Mark

FORENSIC APPLICATIONS • a) Murder/Attempt to murder • b) Rape/Sodomy/other sexual offences • c) Accidents/mass APPLICATIONS Disaster • d) Identification of mutilated bodies (Fake encounters/ of Skeletal Remains • e) Parentage Disputes/ Baby Sweeping Cases/ Missing Identity • F) Burglary/Threatening/Crime Scene Investigation etc. Identification

Soft Tissue CASE DNA SAMPLES FROM DIFF. SOURCES Saliva Seminal Fluid V. S Saliva Bones Cig. Butts