Fingerprint Basics Notes on page Brief History l

Fingerprint Basics Notes on page

Brief History l Began with Sir William Herschel in 1858 Required fingerprints and signatures on civil contracts ¡ Noted that fingerprints of same people over a number of years did not change with age ¡ l Alphonse Bertillon – 1879 Developed a system of identifying people using body measurements ¡ Some disputes led scientists to develop a more accurate means of identifying people ¡

Brief History l Sir Francis Galton – 1892 Publishes first book on fingerprints ¡ Identifies individuality and uniqueness of fingerprints ¡ l Juan Vucetich – 1892 Made first criminal fingerprint identification ¡ Identified the print of a woman who murdered her 2 sons and cut her own throat to place blame on another person; her bloody print was found on a door post ¡

Brief History l Edward ¡ Develops first system of classifying fingerprints l AFIS ¡ ¡ ¡ Henry – 1901 – 1980 First computerized fingerprint database Automated Fingerprint Identification System 70 million cards on file in AFIS!!!

3 Basic Principles Regarding Prints A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two people have been found with the exact same fingerprint pattern. l A fingerprint pattern will remain unchanged for the life of an individual; however, the print itself may change due to permanent scars and skin diseases. l Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that allow them to be systematically identified. l

Types of Prints l 3 basic types of fingerprints Arch l Loop Whorl Each basic pattern can be divided into smaller groups

Arches 5% of people have arches l Simplest fingerprint pattern l Formed when ridge enter on one side of the print and exit on the other l No deltas are present Spike or “tent” l Plain Arch Ridges enter on one side and exit on the other side. Tented Arches Similar to the plain arch, but has a spike in the center.

Loops 60% of people have loops l Have one or more ridges that enter on one side of the print and exit on the same side l Must have at least one delta l Delta Radial Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward thumb or the radial bone. Ulnar Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward the pinky or the ulnar bone. NOTE: On the left hand, a loop that opens to the left would be an radial loop, while one that opens to the right would be a ulnar loop.

Ulnar vs. Radial? l l l Difference between Ulnar loop and Radial loop? Need to know where the ulna and radius are located in arm Radius – Thumb side Ulna – Pinky side So, if loop opens toward thumb, it is called a radial loop. If a loop opens toward the pinky, it is called an ulnar loop.

Whorls 35% of people have whorls l Have ridges that tend to make a complete circle l Have 2 deltas l Plain Whorl Central Pocket Loop Whorl To tell the difference between a plain whorl and central pocket loop whorl, draw a line between the two deltas. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket loop whorl.

Double Loops and Accidentals Double Loop Whorl Accidental Whorl Delta Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print. Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories.

Identify each fingerprint pattern. Double Loop Plain Whorl Loop Tented Arch Plain Arch