Final Exam Short answer Question How did Boccaccio

Final Exam Short answer Question • How did Boccaccio address the issues of patriarchy and misogyny in the Decameron?

How did Boccaccio depict marriage? A. As a sacred bond of trust between husbands and wives B. As an often loveless arrangement between husbands and wives C. In a variety of ways: a pretty full spectrum of possibilities D. Something else E. I do not know

Why do you suppose the Church placed Boccaccio’s Decameron on the Index of Forbidden Books A. Because it depicted the clergy as corrupt and sinful B. Because it encouraged readers to question various types of authority C. Because it emphasized issues of ethics over issues of faith D. Something else E. All of the above

Splintering of Western Christendom

The Reformation

Timeline for Printing Press & Reformation • 1455: 42 -line Bible published; cost of Bibles begins to drop • 1460 s through 1490 s: monarchs and Church encourage the establishment of presses • 1517: Lorenzo Valla’s critique of the Donation of Constantine circulates across Europe • 1517: Luther tacks 95 Theses to cathedral door • 1521: Henry VIII publishes In Defense of the Seven Sacraments in opposition to sola scriptura • 1534: Henry VIII breaks with Roman Church through the Act of Supremacy • 1536: John Calvin publishes Institutes of the Christian Religion

Following the printing of the Gutenberg Bible in 1455, Bibles became ubiquitous across Europe.

Baptism of Christ Andrea Verrocchio c. 1470 Matt 3: 13 Mark 1: 9

Which sacrament is depicted in this painting?

Which sacrament is associated with crucifixion? Peter Brueghel, 1617

The Great Chain of Being provided a paradigm for understanding natural order and hierarchy.

Luther & The Reformation • Reaction against indulgences • Questioning the practices the medieval Church had developed to sustain its finances • Based on deep religious conviction • Not really progressive; tended to be very conservative

Charles V – Habsburg Emperor & King of Spain

Frederick of Saxony, 1463 -1525 • Frederick the wise was a powerful prince within the Holy Roman Empire • Had consistently sought to increase the power of territorial princes at the expense of the Emperor • Had refused the imperial crown and supported the election of Charles V • Remained Catholic throughout his life

The Augsburg Confession, 1530 • Formal declaration of Lutheran ideas, written by Luther’s aide Philip Melanchthon Endorsed by several princes within the Empire • Included 28 articles of faith – 21 reaffirmed Catholic doctrines – 7 criticized Catholic practices related to monasticism, clerical celibacy, mandatory confession, and others • Intended to defend Lutherans from rumors & misrepresentations of their beliefs and to separate them from the radical sects spreading across the Empire • A reply from the Church accepted several articles without qualification while questioning others • Later influenced the Anglican and Methodist declarations of faith

The Beginning of a New Church – Augsburg 1530

The Spread of the Reformation

Henry VIII r. 1509 -1547

Thomas Cromwell • Architect of Henry’s break with Rome: Act of supremacy (1534) • Spearheaded widespread suppression of monasteries in 1530 s

Henry VIII confiscated and plundered the monasteries in the 1530 s

John Calvin envisioned a more radical, less hierarchical, and more austere vision of Christianity

Calvinist Worship

Confessional Map of Western Christendom c. 1560

The Council of Trent 1545 -1563

The Roman & Spanish Inquisitions An Auto da fé

Confessional Map of Western Christendom c. 1560