Final Exam Review Introduction The exam is not

Final Exam Review

Introduction • • • The exam is not comprehensive, that can change. Equations are given, check: http: //courses. washington. edu/cive 316/cover. doc greater weight will be given to exact solutions. Questions mainly of the types: True or False, analytical problems, illustrate, what is? … • Expect questions about the GPS demo. • This lecture is to review the second part topics only.

Horizontal Curves • • Horizontal: types, definitions, and uses Curve relations Station Equation Laying out by deflection formula, check the project • Sight distance on a horizontal Curve

Vertical Curves • Design Criteria • Equation of the parabolic shape in surveying terms, why parabolic? • Computations using the tangent offset equation • High or low points on a curve • Designing a curve to pass by a point • Sight distance sag and crest? • Safe length of the curve

Coordinate Systems • Relationship between geodetic and SPCS • Relationship between geodetic and grid azimuth • review USRS, Geodetic and SPCS basics • Surveys extending from one zone to another

Surveys of the Public Lands • PLSS: why ? where? accuracy considerations • System divisions: quadrangles, townships, sections, quarter sections, what are the corners? • System construction: Initial point, Principal Meridian, Base Line, Standard Parallels, Guide Meridians, Closing Corners, Standard corners, range and township lines. • In addition to understanding the system, you are expected to know how to draw sketches, compute distances, and decide which lines bound what division “ PM, GM, B. L, S. P bound quadrangle”, and so on.

Boundary Surveys • Why ? • Different methods: – Metes and bounds: must mention certain info: point of beginning, definite corners, lengths and directions, neighbors, areas – Block and Lot: lot numbers, map books. – Description by coordinates.

Construction Surveys • • • Stages: design, construction, and after construction. Equipment: lasers, levels, total stations, GPS. Control: before and during construction. Staking out buildings, batter boards locations ? Checking plumbness Using a total station in construction surveys: first orient it, then use it to stakeout

GPS • How to find the position of the receiver, what distances being measured. • Satellite constellation and ephemeris (broadcast and precise) • Signals: two carrier waves, two PRN codes, why? and additional data • What are: C/A, AS, SA, cycle ambiguity? • demo

• Position determination: –Pseudoranging: using codes. –By carrier wave measurement • Field procedures: Static, rapid static, kinematic, pseudokinematic, real time kinematic • Errors: ephemeris, atmospheric effect, receiver errors, multipath, centering, and elevation. • Coordinate system considerations: satellite to USRS, to geodetic, then to whatever system • Planning a GPS project: how to read the tables and polar maps • Try to remember what we did in the field

Theory of Measurements and Errors • Types of errors and how they behave. How to adjust them. • Precision and accuracy • Errors and probability distribution. • standard deviation as a measure of precision • Error propagation: the law and how to apply it. Review how to derive basic functions. The law of error propagation will be given.

Photogrammetry • Review camera components. • Geometry of vertical photos: image coordinate system, PP, exposure station. • side and end lap, strips and blocks. • Scale: at a point, photo average scale, from a map. • Ground coordinates: special system, just multiply photo coordinates by the scale. • Relief displacement, how to use it to compute object heights • Stereoscopic Parallax: what is it, why is it important, how parallax equations could be used. • Stereoscopic viewing: theory and conditions for stereo viewing. How did you see stereo in the demo? • Plotters, orthophotos, and ground control: read them.

Remote Sensing • The electromagnetic spectrum, why can we see in sun light and not on earth’s emitted energy? • Spectral reflectance: how to use to distinguish different objects. what is spectral signature? • Why do we see trees green, … • main earth resource satellites: Spot and Land. Sat, spectral VS spatial resolution

GIS • • What is a GIS? Layers concept Spatial and non spatial data Analytical functions: buffering, adjacency and connectivity, overlay, . . • Difference between GIS and LIS?