Final Exam Review Causes Imperialism Militarism Nationalism Alliances

Final Exam Review

Causes Imperialism Militarism Nationalism Alliances Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy Triple Entente (Allied powers) France, Russia, Britain

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (heir to Austrian thrown) by Serbian “Black Hand” Blank Cheque – Germany will support Austria. Hungary in attack/war Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Russia mobilizes as an ally of Serbia Germany declares war on Russia France supports Russia Germany declares war on Russia Germany invades neutral Belgium to get to France England declares war on Germany Canada is automatically at war because it was a member of the British Empire

Why did Canadians join the war Patriotism – proud to fight for Britain Adventure – excitement of going to war Canadian Expeditionary Force Trained by Sam Hughes Arthur Currie – commander of CEF Troops issued the Ross Rifle – unreliable Propaganda Join and support the war / Victory bonds Women go to work Conscription crisis British for / French against

Stalemate Neither side could advance so they dug trenches and very little movement happened Battle of Attrition Try to outlast the other side – little land gained Trench warfare No man’s land – between trenches Going over the top Horrible conditions Total War All resources of the nation are organized for war

Ypres trenches Somme first / first use of poison gas use of tanks / many dead Vimy Ridge first time Canadians fought as an independent force Passchendale Many die – not much land gained

Sea German u-boats Convoy system Sinking of the Lusitania (brings USA into war) Air Dogfights Billy Bishop – Canadian ace

Paris Peace conference Canada fights to have its own seat at Paris Peace Conference – a step to autonomy Treaty of Versailles War guilt clause – Germany to blame – must pay Map of Europe redrawn – Germany loses land Has a devastating affect on Germany League of Nations created Eventually becomes UN

Generally thought of as a decade of prosperity, but not for everyone Many soldiers have trouble adjusting and are not compensated – jobs lost

Paris Peace Conference – own seat Chanak Crisis – PM King refuses to automatically send troops to war with Britain Imperial Conference - British Colonies meet Balfour Report – their independence is declared Statute of Westminster Recognized in law Canada’s independence Canada free to make own laws

Red Scare - Bolsheviks (communists) overthrow Russian government – other governments fear communism Trade unions – form to gain improve working conditions – gov. fears its communism Winnipeg General Strike 30, 000 workers walk off the job with demands Bloody Saturday – violence errupts CCF – cooperative commonwealth federation First socialist party – became NDP

Positive or negative? American investment Branch plants Pop culture Fashion Music Radio Movies

King-Byng Crisis – changes role of governor general Prohibition – Canada and USA Women's’ Rights Famous Five and persons case – are women persons under the law? Eventually, court declares they are Agnes Mc. Phail – first female MP Emily Murphy – first female judge Aboriginals Reserves, residential schools, potlatch, cut-off lands Immigration Racist policy, relaxed in 20 s b/c need immigrants

Causes of the Great Depression in Canada Overproduction – supply greater than demand Economic Protectionism and Tariffs Dependence on USA – when their economy failed, so did ours International Debt – Germany couldn’t pay back Britain who couldn’t pay back USA Banking Failures – buying on a margin Black Tuesday – stock market crash

Panhandling / pogey Riding the rails Unemployment relief camps Dust bowl of the prairies On-to-Ottawa trek Workers in relief camps left BC to head to Ottawa in protest Regina Riot – riot broke out when stopped by RCMP in Regina Leaders met with Bennett - unsucessful

Keynes theory – spend your way out Both King and Bennett thought Depression would be temporary Pogey Unemployment relief camps Bennett’s new deal – came too late New political parties created in response CCF – first socialist party Social Credit Party

Rise of Dictators Political spectrum – communism and fascism Russia – Joseph Stalin Germany – Hitler Italy – Mussolini

Great depression Treaty of Versailles The rise of Hitler / NAZIs Failure of the league of Nations Extreme Nationalism Appeasement of Hitler NAZI-Soviet Pact (non-aggression pact) Hitler invades Poland Britain demands Germany leaves – don’t Britain and France declare war on Germany Canada votes – declares war independantly

Mackenzie King promises no conscription Many still join Strong ties to Britain Need money after Depression National pride – Canadian autonomy Total War – battle front / home front Propaganda British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Canada’s – hatred of Germans/Japanese portrayed contribution to avoid conscription Conscription crisis 1942 need more soldiers – plebiscite – most vote yes, Quebec votes no – very few actually get to war

The Allies Britain France British Commonwealth (Canada) Soviet Union (after 1941) The Axis Powers Germany Japan Italy (at beginning of war)

Germany invades Poland “blitzkrieg” Phony War in Western Europe Evacuation of Dunkirk Battle of Britain – Operation Sea Lion “the blitz” Dieppe War in Eastern Europe Invasion of Soviet Union - Operation Barbarossa War in the Pacific Japan invades Hong Kong Japan bombs Pearl Harbour

Pearl Harbour USA joins the war 1941 – more troops Invasion of Italy Canadian soldiers move inland D-day – France Biggest invasion of the war – Operation Overlord Canadians land on Juno beach – many die VE Day – liberation of Europe Canadians sent to liberate Holland USA drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan justified or not?

Anti-Semitism Hitler – stages of the Holocaust Denial of civil rights – ghettos – concentration camps – final solution – death marches St. Louis incident – Canada denies Jewish refugees War Criminals and Crimes against Humanity The Nuremburg trials First international tribunal

Communism versus Capitalism Satellite states of the USSR create the Iron curtain Containment – must stop the spread of Communism Germany – divided after WWI East Germany/Berlin occupied by USSR – Berlin Blockade – USSR blocks West from W Berlin communist bringing supplies to Canada and the Cold War The Gouzenko Affair – proves a spy ring in Canada The Red Scare – fear of communism = illegal inquiries Avro Arrow – contract to Canadian company to build high tech jets – eventually scrapped and bought from US instead - $ wasted NORAD – Can/USA radar system of defence USA relations tense – Canada unwilling to support fully (nucs, anti-communism, etc. )

North Atlantic Treaty Organization - 1949 Peacetime treaty of mutual defence Western Europe and NA Warsaw Pact Developed in response to NATO in 1955 Soviet Union and its satellite states The Arms race Nuclear weapons Korean War (North = communist / south = democracy Suez Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War (North = communist / south = partial

Collapse of Soviet Union – lack of money to continue arms race Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty – limit spread of nuc. weapons SALT 1 & 2 – limit the amount of nuclear weapons Other conflicts Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Yugoslavia Somalia Rwanda

United Nations General Assembly / Security Council International Court of Justice Canada and the post-world war War brides/Baby boomers/suburbs/commuting/TV/CBC Immigration to Canada – DP (displaced persons) – open door Social Welfare Foreign Aid Era of Protest – youthquake Women's movement

NAFTA – pro – improve economy / con – jobs lost New Political parties Reform Party – Western Alienation Bloc Quebecois – discontent in Quebec – sought separation Health Care Canada Health Act - medicare

Inflation, unemployment rising, unions demand more money OPEC Crisis -Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries War in Middle East – The west supports Israel – OPEC enforces oil embargo – low supply = increases prices National Energy Program IN response, gov. froze oil prices in Alberta below world levels to keep cost down in Canada – Albertans angry Western Alienation – gov. favours policies of the Central provinces Economic Ties to USA Branch plants in Canada 70% Canadian goods sold to USA This dependence had many worried

Social services cost more than people expect – especially in times of economic hardship. By the time Trudeau leaves office - $160 billion in debt Mulroney (Conservatives) and Debt Follows US/England model of cutting back on the role of government in the economy Lower taxes and cut social services – plan did not work Chretien (Liberals) and Debt now at $466 billion Solution – inject money into economy to create jobs – spend $6 billion Paul Martin announces they have no choice but to make cuts Slowly the debt was lowered, but many suffered

Massey Commission Investigates state of Canadian culture – needs protection from USA influences Made recommendations National Film Board - needed to be strengthened Canada Council for the Arts CBC – Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Awards grants to writers, artists, theatres Already created radio network – now in charge of developing Canadian television Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunication Commission (CRTC) Regulates the amount of foreign material broadcast in Canada Imposes rules about Canadian content

Official Development Assistance (ODA) Responsible for distributing foreign aid – to governments/NGOs/UN agencies Managed by CIDA Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Promotes sustainable development in other countries Canadian Aid has fallen in the last 20 years Linking Aid to Human Rights now a big part of determining aid – good or bad?

Duplessis – (1944 -59) Union Nationale, distinct society, new flag, Catholic church, old traditions Quiet Revolution Jean Lesage – modernizes Quebec and strengthens Birth of Separatism – proud of accomplishments and aware of injustices at hands of English-speaking Canadians FLQ – Front de liberation du Quebec – terrorists separatist group October Crisis – kidnap government officials – 1 ends up dead War Measure Act – troops sent in / civil rights suspended Parti Quebecois Rene Levesque creates first Provincial separatist party 1980 – Levesque called referendum for separation Sovereignty-association: vote “yes” separate but keep economic ties / 40%

Trudeau promises Quebeckers to negotiate a new Constitution British North America Act – still in hands of English The Kitchen compromise – late night agreement reached by premiers except for Rene Levesque Amending formula – needed to decide how changes would be made 7/10 provinces and 50% of population would have to agree Charter of Rights and Freedoms – would be Notwithstanding clause – allowed provinces included to opt out of certain provisions of the charter (only way provinces would agree to sign) Results Constitution is Patriated – 1982 and Charter is included French angered – felt left out of discussion once again

Promises to reopen the debate and include Quebec Now many provinces/groups have other demands Meech Lake Accord Mulroney suggests amendments – including Quebec “distinct society clause” – much opposition In the end, the accord fails – Quebeckers angered again Bloc Quebecois emerges – federal separatist party Charlottetown Accord Mulroney suggests amendments again Put to national referendum – 54. 5% of Canadians vote “no” Referendum of 1995 Quebec holds another separation referendum – 49. 5% vote “yes”

Immigration Restrictive - In the past based on race/ethnicity Colour-blind – need for immigrants allows open immigration Points system – based on education and employability 1976 – allows for family to immigrate and refugees Multiculturalism – Trudeau announces an official policy Encourages different groups to express cultures Government funds available “Mosaic” versus “melting pot” – is multiculturalism policy good or bad for Canada?

National Indian Brotherhood Organize White Paper Gov. Act to pressure government on behalf of Aboriginals plan to treat Aboriginals like all other – get rid of Indian Red Paper Aboriginals demands furious – respond with red paper and make Self Government The right for Aboriginals to have control over their own affairs Residential school legacy – still exists today Land Claims – comprehensive and specific Nisga’a land win supreme court victory (precedent case) – rights to Oka Confrontation

Canada is a Democracy / Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentary System Executive – administration through civil service Governor general, Prime Minister, Cabinet, public service Legislative Governor General, House of Commons and Senate Judicial – Parliament debates and passes laws – interprets and administers laws Courts and judges Levels of Government Federal – Canada wide (military, post, Provincial – Provinces /Territories have legislative assembly (schools) Municipal – city governments (garbage collection, by-laws) Issues – Senate reform

Cabinet members usually bring forward bills. If brought by non-cabinet member = private members bill First Reading – bill is introduced in Parliament Second Reading – bill is debated in Parliament Committee Stage – bill is studied by designated committee Recommendations for changes would be made Third Reading – some debate on changes and then vote If passed, bill goes to Senate for similar process Governor General – signs to give Royal Assent

Elections Dissolution, campaigning, tabulation First Past the Post – many disagree with this method Minority government versus majority government Political Parties Political spectrum – Left wing / center / right wing Influencing Government Pressure groups Lobbyists Media Civil disobedience

Rule of Law / Criminal versus Civil law Charter of Rights and Freedoms Court System Supreme Court of Canada Court of Appeal for BC Supreme Court of BC Provincial Courts of BC (traffic, youth, small claims, criminal) Penal System Harsher penalties or Restorative Justice? Insite – safe injection site in Vancouver

Demography – study of human population Developed versus Developing Countries Population Rates Crude birth rate / crude death rate = natural increase Rule of seventy = doubling time Immigration rate / emigration rate = net migration rate Life expectancy Demographic Transition model Shows trends change over time in: birth rate, death rate and overall Population models Population pyramid – shows age structure / dependency ratio Early expanding, stable and contracting Population distribution – push/pull factors How are countries dealing with population? China and India

United Nations Human Development Index Adult literacy, life expectancy and GDP Gap between rich and poor Developed / Newly industrialized Developing / Highly indebted poor countries Poverty Trap – the burden of debt Women and children – most vulnerable Under 5 mortality rate Child soldiers and child labour Health Crisis – water, aids,

Foreign Aid Multilateral Aid – funded by a number of governments Bilateral Aid – from one government to another Tied Aid - aid given with conditions attached NGOs – Non-governmental organizations Canada and Aid CIDA – distributes to governments, NGOS, UN, etc.

Growing population = strain on environment Developing countries – large populations Developed countries – high standard of living Water ground water depletion, rivers drying up Air Pollution changing atmosphere – greenhouse effect – world is warming up Hole in Ozone layer Causes melt of glaciers/icecaps = sea levels rising Land Deforestation – ½ forest lost – leads to soil degradation Canada – water for sale, oil sands, pine beetle

Montreal Protocol Industrial nations agreed to stop using CFCs (damage ozone layer) Kyoto Protocol Promise to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Canada could not meet its target EU trying to stop buying oil that comes from tar sands Governments under pressure because of economy

Aboriginal Issues French/English Canadian Relations Autonomy – independence from England The Welfare State Canada and the International World The impact of humans on the Environment