FILUM COELENTERATA CNIDARIA 1 Classification formerly 2 phylum

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FILUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA) 1

FILUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA) 1

Classification formerly 2 phylum names 1. Coelenterata – hollow gut 2. Cnidaria – nettle

Classification formerly 2 phylum names 1. Coelenterata – hollow gut 2. Cnidaria – nettle

Basic characteristic 3

Basic characteristic 3

2 body types Polyp Tubelike, usually sessile and has a cylindrical body with a

2 body types Polyp Tubelike, usually sessile and has a cylindrical body with a mouth and tentacles at the upper free end. Other end (aboral) usually attached to a rock or other surface. Thin Mesoglea layer. Corals and Hydras are examples Medusa; bell-shaped body/umbrella, floating, tentacles and mouth facing down, have thick mesoglea ex. jellyfish 4

Diploblastic- two germ layers Phylum Cnidaria Mesoglea not true layer

Diploblastic- two germ layers Phylum Cnidaria Mesoglea not true layer

Filum Cnidaria: ubur-ubur, terumbu karang, hydroids, anemone laut terumbu karang hydroids ubur-ubur anemone laut

Filum Cnidaria: ubur-ubur, terumbu karang, hydroids, anemone laut terumbu karang hydroids ubur-ubur anemone laut 6

Symmetry Ø Radial symmetry

Symmetry Ø Radial symmetry

Nervous System Ø Nerve Net- Cnidarians do not have a brain but they have

Nervous System Ø Nerve Net- Cnidarians do not have a brain but they have simple sensory receptors that detect & respond to stimuli evenly spaced Ø Nerve net with stinging capsules called nematocysts

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Ø SEL INTERTISIAL TERDIRI LIMA MACAM SEL BERUKURAN KECIL, AGAK Ø SEL EPITEL OTOT(epithelio.

Ø SEL INTERTISIAL TERDIRI LIMA MACAM SEL BERUKURAN KECIL, AGAK Ø SEL EPITEL OTOT(epithelio. BULAT, NUKLEUS muscle cells) BESAR, TDP SEL Ø SEL INTERSTISIAL(intertitial cells) SPERMA, SEL TELUR, Ø SEL CNIDOCYTE Ø SEL KELENJAR LENDIR Ø DIDALAM CNIDOCYTE TDP (mucus -secreting cells) NEMATOCYTE BENTUKNYA Ø SEL SYARAF INDERA SPT KAPSUL, BULAT, (sensory nerve cells) LONJONG. DIDLMNYA TDP BENANG/PIPA/BERDURI, YG Ø SEL EPITEL OTOT DITEMBAKKAN KE LUAR BERUKURAN BESAR MERUPAKAN PELINDUNG Ø NEMATOCYTE TDP DI TUBUH TENTAKEL DAN UJUNG ORAL

Ø SEL KELENJAR LENDIR MENGHASILKAN LENDIR YANG DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI PELINDUNG UNTUK MENANGKAP MANGSA DAN

Ø SEL KELENJAR LENDIR MENGHASILKAN LENDIR YANG DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI PELINDUNG UNTUK MENANGKAP MANGSA DAN MELEKAT PADA SUBSTRAT Ø SEL SYARAF BENTUK MIRIP MULTIPOLAR NEURON, TERLETAK PADA DASAR SEL EPITEL OTOT DEKAT DAN SEJAJAR MESOGLEA. Ø SEL INDRA PANJANG, LANGSING, TEGAK LURUS EPIDERMIS. Pangkal sel indera berhub dgn sel syaraf tersusun seperti jala pd epidermis dekat mesoglea. 12

Lapisan epidermis terdiri atas: Sel Epitel Otot, Sel Interstisial, Sel Cnidocyte, Sel Kelenjar Lendir,

Lapisan epidermis terdiri atas: Sel Epitel Otot, Sel Interstisial, Sel Cnidocyte, Sel Kelenjar Lendir, Sel Saraf Indera. Mesoglea Epithelio-muscle cell nucleus Sensory cell Pseudopodia Cnidocyte Cnidocil Nutritive muscle cell Interstitial cell Enzymatic gland cell Nerve cell 13

Capturing Prey LET’S EAT!!! Ø cnidarians are carnivores (eat meat) that use tentacles arranged

Capturing Prey LET’S EAT!!! Ø cnidarians are carnivores (eat meat) that use tentacles arranged in a ring around their mouth to capture prey Ø when a “trigger” is stimulated on a stinging cell called the cnidocyte, a harpoon/spear called nematocyst shoots out & injects poison into the prey

Capturing Prey: Cnidocyte and Nematocyst at work: WE DO WORK!!! Nematocyst (harpoon) Cnidocyte (stinging

Capturing Prey: Cnidocyte and Nematocyst at work: WE DO WORK!!! Nematocyst (harpoon) Cnidocyte (stinging cell)

TYPE NEMATOCYTE PENGGULUNG (VOLVENT): berukuran kecil berfungsi untuk menggulung mangsa Ø PENUSUK (PENETRANT) :

TYPE NEMATOCYTE PENGGULUNG (VOLVENT): berukuran kecil berfungsi untuk menggulung mangsa Ø PENUSUK (PENETRANT) : berukuran besar mengandung 3 duri besar dan 3 deret duri kecil berfungsi menyuntikkan racun ke dlm tubuh mangsa Ø TIPE PEREKAT (GLUTINANT): pipa halus yg ujungnya terbuka dan menghasilkan perekat. Ø

RACUN YG DIKELUARKAN HYDRA TDK MEMBAHAYAKAN, NAMUN ADA SENGATAN UBUR-UBUR Physalia dan cchironex sengatannya

RACUN YG DIKELUARKAN HYDRA TDK MEMBAHAYAKAN, NAMUN ADA SENGATAN UBUR-UBUR Physalia dan cchironex sengatannya sangat menyakitkan, panas bahkan dapat mematikan. Ø NEMATOCYTE hanya dipakai sekali, kemudian dibuang. Ø UNTUK MENGGANTINYA sel intertisial membuat cnidocyte baru. Pada waktu memakan kehilangan 25% nematocyte. Ø Penggantian kehilangan nematocyte tersebut memerlukan waktu 48 jam. Ø

Gastrodermis terdiri atas beberapa macam sel: 1. Sel Otot Pencerna yang Berflagela 2. Sel

Gastrodermis terdiri atas beberapa macam sel: 1. Sel Otot Pencerna yang Berflagela 2. Sel Kelenjar Enzim 3. Sel Kelenjar Lendir Kecuali Hydra, kebanyakan Coelenterata mempunyai nematocyst di dalam lapisan gastrodermis. Pada beberapa jenis Hydra sp. , di dalam gastrodermis terdapat zoochlorella yang hidup bersimbiosis.

Digestion Ø Sac w/ a digestive cavity (gastrovascular cavity) w/ a single opening that

Digestion Ø Sac w/ a digestive cavity (gastrovascular cavity) w/ a single opening that acts as a mouth/anus Jellyfish Hydra

Digestion (cont. ) Ø food is pushed into the gastrovascular cavity where digestion begins

Digestion (cont. ) Ø food is pushed into the gastrovascular cavity where digestion begins (extracellular digestion) Ø undigested remains leave through the mouth/anus

Respiration Ø Diffusion- oxygen from water moves into sponge cells (high to low) Excretion

Respiration Ø Diffusion- oxygen from water moves into sponge cells (high to low) Excretion Ø mouth/anus- release waste

Reproduction Asexual – budding- formation of outgrowths that pinch off from parent to live

Reproduction Asexual – budding- formation of outgrowths that pinch off from parent to live independently Ø Sexual- forms a zygote and free swimming planula that settles on ocean floor Ø *MOST ALTERNATE B/W POLYP & MEDUSA LIFE FORM Ø

Reproduction (cont. )

Reproduction (cont. )

Phylogeny of Cnidaria Cladogram based on molecular systematic data

Phylogeny of Cnidaria Cladogram based on molecular systematic data

Class Hydrozoa Ø Most varied and derived of the cnidarian groups Ø Includes freshwater

Class Hydrozoa Ø Most varied and derived of the cnidarian groups Ø Includes freshwater species (hydra spp) Ø Colonial species common Ø Most have typical dimorphic life cycle Ø Examples of polyp-only forms (hydra) Ø Examples of medusa-only forms (Gonionemus)

Atypical Hydrozoans Ø Hydra – – – Lacks medusa stage Asexual - budding Sexual

Atypical Hydrozoans Ø Hydra – – – Lacks medusa stage Asexual - budding Sexual - gametes

Atypical Hydrozoans Ø Gonionemus – reduced polyp form

Atypical Hydrozoans Ø Gonionemus – reduced polyp form

Colonial Hydrozoans Ø Colony of specialized hydranths – – – Gonangia (gonozooids) – reproduction

Colonial Hydrozoans Ø Colony of specialized hydranths – – – Gonangia (gonozooids) – reproduction Gastrozooids – feeding Dactyolozooids – catching prey hydranths

Colonial Hydrozoans

Colonial Hydrozoans

Colonial Hydrozoans Portuguese Man-O-War (Physalia physalis) Ø Polyp – air bag Ø Feeding &

Colonial Hydrozoans Portuguese Man-O-War (Physalia physalis) Ø Polyp – air bag Ø Feeding & reproductive hydranths - tentacles Ø

Colonial Hydrozoans Ø Fire Corals – NOT TRUE CORAL • Hydrozoan colony – TRUE

Colonial Hydrozoans Ø Fire Corals – NOT TRUE CORAL • Hydrozoan colony – TRUE CORAL • Anthozoan colony – Cnidocytes cause severe pain

Dimorphic Life Cycle and Reproductive Modes Ø Asexual – Budding • Medusa buds •

Dimorphic Life Cycle and Reproductive Modes Ø Asexual – Budding • Medusa buds • Polyp buds Ø Sexual – – Gonadal tissue Gametes Fertilization, embryogenesis Planula larvae

Obelia Reproduction

Obelia Reproduction

Class Scyphozoa Ø Typically thought of as jellyfish & active predators Ø Range from

Class Scyphozoa Ø Typically thought of as jellyfish & active predators Ø Range from thimble size to queen-size mattresses Ø Most have typical dimorphic life cycle – – Polyp stage is atypical Majority of life cycle spent in medusa form Ø Mostly medusas which reproduce sexually Ø Polyp stages early in life

Scyphozoan Life Cycle

Scyphozoan Life Cycle

Aurelia aurita (Moon jelly)

Aurelia aurita (Moon jelly)

Class Scyphozoa Sea thimble jellyfish (Linuche unguiculata), Honduras Ø Tiny jellyfish (< 1 inch)

Class Scyphozoa Sea thimble jellyfish (Linuche unguiculata), Honduras Ø Tiny jellyfish (< 1 inch) that swarm in the spring Ø Adults and larvae (“sea lice”) may cause a severe skin reaction in humans Ø Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Class Upside

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Class Upside down jellyfish (Cassiopea xamachana) from Bermuda, with zooxanthellae Ø This specimen is swimming up to the surface, where its reflection is visible Ø Scyphozoa Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class

Copyright ©The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display CNIDARIA Class Scyphozoa Jellyfish (Mastigias sp. , family Rhizostomeae) from Jellyfish Lake in Palau, western Pacific Ø Have lost their ability to sting and depend on zooxanthellae for nutrition Ø Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

CNIDARIA Class Scyphozoa Ø Lion’s Mane Jelly (Cyanea capillata) Ø Bell – 6 ft

CNIDARIA Class Scyphozoa Ø Lion’s Mane Jelly (Cyanea capillata) Ø Bell – 6 ft Ø Tentacles – 120 ft http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hqf. Cm 58 SB 6 Y

Class Cubozoa

Class Cubozoa

Phylum Cnidaria Class Cubozoa Ø Carybdeid, Darwin, Australia Ø Carybdea sivickisi Ø South pacific

Phylum Cnidaria Class Cubozoa Ø Carybdeid, Darwin, Australia Ø Carybdea sivickisi Ø South pacific

Phylum Cnidaria Class Cubozoa Ø Chironex fleckeri Ø Size of human head with tentacles

Phylum Cnidaria Class Cubozoa Ø Chironex fleckeri Ø Size of human head with tentacles (4) up to 9 ft long Ø 18 -24 ft of tentacles can deliver enough poison to kill in <5 min.

Class Anthozoa Ø Anemones & Corals Ø Lack medusa form Ø Form colonies (especially

Class Anthozoa Ø Anemones & Corals Ø Lack medusa form Ø Form colonies (especially coral)

Class Anthozoa Largest class existing only as polyps Ø Includes anemones, coral, sea pansies,

Class Anthozoa Largest class existing only as polyps Ø Includes anemones, coral, sea pansies, sea fans, and sea whips Ø Nearly all contain symbiotic algae, dinoflagellates, in exchange for food Ø Many of the brilliant colors come from the algae Ø Some reproduce asexually by budding Ø Others sexual with sperm and egg being released into the ocean where fertilization occurs Ø Zygotes develop into planulae that settle and develop into polyps Ø

Class Anthozoa – Typical Polyp Form

Class Anthozoa – Typical Polyp Form

CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa giant anemone or purple -tipped anemone (Condylactis gigantea) often harbors cleaning

CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa giant anemone or purple -tipped anemone (Condylactis gigantea) often harbors cleaning shrimp among its tentacles Ø Common in Bermuda and the Caribbean Ø Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson

Anemone with Anemone Fish

Anemone with Anemone Fish

Class Anthozoa – Hard Coral Ø Hexacorallia – 6 -fold symmetry Ø Precipitate Ca

Class Anthozoa – Hard Coral Ø Hexacorallia – 6 -fold symmetry Ø Precipitate Ca 3(CO 3)2 from sea water to produce skeletal structures that become coral reefs Ø Contain zooxanthella

Class Anthozoa – soft corals Ø Octocorallia – 8 -fold symmetry Ø Form complex

Class Anthozoa – soft corals Ø Octocorallia – 8 -fold symmetry Ø Form complex tubelike skeletal structures Ø Lack zooxanthella

Reefs Shallow tropical waters Ø Hermatypic corals (Class Anthozoa, subclass hexacorallia, order scleractinia) Ø

Reefs Shallow tropical waters Ø Hermatypic corals (Class Anthozoa, subclass hexacorallia, order scleractinia) Ø Contain symbiotic dinoflagellates Ø Precipitate Ca. CO 3 to form “exoskeleton” Ø

Zooxanthella Ø Green algae

Zooxanthella Ø Green algae

Atoll

Atoll

Phylum Ctenophora Ø Comb-jellies – Rows of cells with fused cilia – comb-plates Ø

Phylum Ctenophora Ø Comb-jellies – Rows of cells with fused cilia – comb-plates Ø <100 species Ø Lack cnidocytes Ø Complete digestive tract

Ctenophore Morphology

Ctenophore Morphology

Ctenophore Morphology

Ctenophore Morphology

Ctenophore Body Forms Ø Biradial symmetry – – Two tentacle clusters Even # comb

Ctenophore Body Forms Ø Biradial symmetry – – Two tentacle clusters Even # comb rows Ø Some are bilateral

terimakasih 59

terimakasih 59