Filters A filter is basically a frequency selective

Filters • A filter is basically a frequency selective circuit designed to pass specific band of frequencies and block or attenuate input signals outside this band Visit for more Learning Resources

Classification of filters • Depending on signal nature: 1. Analog filter. • Depending on components: 1. active filter. • Depending on frequencies: 1. low pass filter 3. band pass filter. 5. All pass filter 2. Digital filter. 2. Passive filter. 2. high pass filter 4. band stop.

Ideal Filter Response Curves

Actual freq. response

RC Low Pass Filter Circuit

Frequency Response of a 1 st-order Low Pass Filter

Applications • Applications of passive Low Pass Filters are in audio amplifiers and speaker systems to direct the lower frequency bass signals to the larger bass speakers. • To reduce any high frequency noise or “hiss” type distortion.

Terms related to filters • 1. Cut-off frequency- it is the frequency at which signal strength drops 3 d. B(i. e. signal power becomes half. ) • 2. Pass band-The range of frequency which is permitted to pass. • 3. Stop band- The range of frequency which is (not permitted)attenuated to pass.

Cont…. • 4. Roll off rate-The gain of filter falls rapidly in the stop band. The rate at which gain falls off is called the roll off rate.

Contd… • 5. Center frequency- the center frequency of a filter or channel is a measure of a central frequency between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies. OR geometric mean of lower and higher frequencies.

Contd… • 6. Band width-It is the difference between the two cut-off frequencies. • 7. Q(quality) factor-it is the ratio of center frequency to bandwidth of filter. • Q=fc/B. W.

Contd… • 8. Order of filters-The filter characteristics is given by order of filter i. e. no. of poles. Filter order Roll of rate 1 20 d. B/decade 2 3 40 d. B/decade 60 d. B/decade

Passive Filter vs Active Filter • R, C or L, C components are used • Gain less than 1. • Isolation between input and output absent. • Source loading can take place. • Frequency response is not sharp. • RC, LC and OP-amp are used. • Gain greater than 1. • Isolation between input and output present. • Source loading can not take place. • Frequency response is sharp

Second-order Low Pass Filter

First Order Active Low Pass Filter

Frequency Response Curve

Normalised Low Pass Frequency Response

First Order Active Low Pass Filter

Second Order Low Pass Filter

Second Order High Pass Filter Graphs from Prentice Hall

Second Order High Pass Filter For more detail contact us