Filter pack with PM 10 inlet for chemical

Filter pack with PM 10 inlet for chemical analysis of aerosols Martin Ferm 1), Ulla Makkonen 2) , Jan Erik Hanssen 3) and Thomas Elllerman 4) IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Research, Sahaajankatu 20 E, FIN-00880, Helsinki, Finland 3) NILU, P. O. Box 100, N-2007 Kjeller, Norge 4) Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Afdeling for atmosfærisk miljø, Frederiksborgvej 399, P. O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Danmark 1) 2)

Filtration Sampling artefacts • Sampling Topochemical reactions [Ca. CO + (NH ) SO Ca. SO + NH + CO + H O] artefact 3 4 2 4 4 3 2 2 • Equilibria displacements due to varying concentrations during collection • Coarse particles can be deposited in the entrance of the denuder • Equilibria displacements due to pressure drop [NH 4 NO 3 NH 3 + HNO 3] • The sampling efficiency for particles vary with wind speed • Reactions between gases and filter media • Too complicated for routine monitoring . . . . Diffusion

NH 3 SO 2 HNO 3 PM

Hoburgen, Gotland

1986 -

Ferm M. , Fuglsang K. , Areskoug H. , Hanssen J-E. and Lättilä H. (1986) Long-range transport of nitrogen and sulphur compounds. Proc. of the fourth European Symposium on Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants, 23 -25 sept. 1986 Stresa Italy (ed G. Angeletti and G. Restelli) pp. 773 -783

Figure 3. Wind roses showing the average concentrations of total NO 3 - in air masses of different origin. North is upwards and the unit is µg NO 3 --N m-3. Notice that different scales are used for different stations. The number of measurements in each trajectory class is shown outside the sectors. Ferm M. , Areskoug H. , Grundahl L. , Hanssen JE. , Heidam N. and Lättilä H. (1987) Simultaneous measurements of airborne ammonium and nitrate at 9 EMEP stations. Proc. of EMEP workshop on data analysis and presentation. Cologne (F. R. G. ) 15 -17 June 1987. EMEP/CCC-Report 7 -87, 361 -375

Table 2: EMEP's measurement programme 2003.

Figure. : Annual 2003 averages PM 10 mass measurements. Unit g/m 3.

PM 10 sampling

PM 10 Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K+ Na+, Cl-, SO 42 Total NH 4+ total NO 3 SO 2

Acknowledgements Financial support has been obtained from the Nordic Council of Ministers