Figure 8 1 The human skeleton Cranium Skull

Figure 8. 2 Cartilages in the adult skeleton and body. Epiglottis Cartilage in external

Figure 8. 3 The structure of a long bone (humerus of the arm). Articular

Figure 8. 4 Microscopic structure of compact bone. Compact bone Spongy bone Perforating (Volkmann’s)

Figure 8. 5 Growth in length of a long bone occurs at the epiphyseal

Table 8. 1 Bone Markings © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 8. 1 The human skeleton. Cranium Skull Facial bones Bones of pectoral girdle Clavicle Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Scapula Upper limb Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebral column Radius Ulna Ilium Bones of pelvic girdle Carpals Ischium Pubis Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Lower limb Tibia Fibula Talus Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Anterior view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Calcaneus Posterior view

Figure 8. 2 Cartilages in the adult skeleton and body. Epiglottis Cartilage in external ear Thyroid cartilage Cartilages in nose Larynx Cricoid cartilage Trachea Lung Articular cartilage of a joint Cartilage in intervertebral disc Costal cartilage Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Bones of skeleton Pubic symphysis Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint) Articular cartilage of a joint © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cartilages Axial skeleton Hyaline cartilages Appendicular skeleton Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages

Figure 8. 3 The structure of a long bone (humerus of the arm). Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Compact bone Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Endosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) Diaphysis Yellow bone marrow Compact bone Periosteum Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Nutrient arteries Distal epiphysis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 4 Microscopic structure of compact bone. Compact bone Spongy bone Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal Central (Haversian) canal Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae Osteon (Haversian system) Circumferential lamellae Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Lamellae Periosteal blood vessel Periosteum Vein Nerve Artery Lamellae Canaliculus Osteocyte in a lacuna Central canal Lacunae Interstitial lamellae © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Lacuna (with osteocyte)

Figure 8. 5 Growth in length of a long bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate. Resting zone 1 Proliferation zone Cartilage cells undergo mitosis. 2 Hypertrophic zone Older cartilage cells enlarge. Calcified cartilage spicule Osteoblast depositing bone matrix Osseous tissue (bone) covering cartilage spicules © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Calcification zone Matrix calcifies; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating; blood vessels invade cavity. 4 Ossification zone New bone forms.