Figure 8 1 Fibrous joints Suture Joint held

Figure 8. 1 Fibrous joints. Suture Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. Suture line Syndesmosis Gomphosis Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. Fibula Tibia “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket. Socket of alveolar process Root of tooth Dense fibrous connective tissue © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ligament Periodontal ligament

Figure 8. 2 Cartilaginous joints. Synchondroses Bones united by hyaline cartilage Sternum (manubrium) Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage Body of vertebra Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc (sandwiched between hyaline cartilage) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pubic symphysis

Figure 8. 3 General structure of a synovial joint. Ligament Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Fibrous layer Synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid) Periosteum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Articular capsule

Joint Movements • • • Flexion…. . Extension Abduction…. Adduction Rotation…. Lateral or Medial Circumduction Supination…. Pronation Dorsiflexion…. Plantar Flexion Inversion…. Eversion Elevation…. Depression Opposition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 7 a The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types. Nonaxial movement Plane joint Metacarpals Carpals Flat articular surfaces Gliding Examples: Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 7 b The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types. Hinge joint Humerus Ulna Uniaxial movement Medial/lateral axis Cylinder Trough Flexion and extension Examples: Elbow joints, interphalangeal joints © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 7 c The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types. Pivot joint Uniaxial movement Vertical axis Ulna Radius Sleeve (bone and ligament) Axle (rounded bone) Rotation Examples: Proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 7 d The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types. Biaxial movement Condylar joint Medial/ lateral axis Phalanges Metacarpals Anterior/ posterior axis Oval articular surfaces Flexion and extension Examples: Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Adduction and abduction

Figure 8. 7 e The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types. Biaxial movement Saddle joint Medial/ lateral axis Metacarpal Ι Trapezium © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Articular surfaces are both concave and convex Anterior/ posterior axis Adduction and abduction Example: Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs Flexion and extension

Figure 8. 7 f The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types. Multiaxial movement Ball-and-socket joint Cup (socket) Medial/lateral axis Anterior/posterior axis Vertical axis Scapula Humerus Spherical head (ball) Flexion and extension Examples: Shoulder joints and hip joints © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Adduction and abduction Rotation

Figure 8. 12 The hip joint. Acetabular labrum Coxal (hip) bone Articular cartilage Acetabular labrum Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Synovial membrane Femur Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Head of femur Articular capsule (cut) Synovial cavity Articular capsule Frontal section through the right hip joint Photo of the interior of the hip joint, lateral view Iliofemoral ligament Ischium Ischiofemoral ligament Greater trochanter of femur Posterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior inferior iliac spine Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Greater trochanter Anterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place

Figure 8. 8 e–f The knee joint. Fibular collateral ligament Lateral condyle of femur Lateral meniscus Tibia Posterior cruciate ligament Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Medial femoral condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus on medial tibial condyle Patellar ligament Fibula Patella Quadriceps tendon Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps tendon cut and reflected distally) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Patella Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)

Figure 8. 8 b The knee joint. Anterior cruciate ligament Articular cartilage on medial tibial condyle Medial meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Anterior Articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle Lateral meniscus Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 4 b Bursae and tendon sheaths. Bursa rolls and lessens friction. Humerus head rolls medially as arm abducts. Humerus moving Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 4 a Bursae and tendon sheaths. Acromion of scapula Subacromial bursa Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Fibrous layer of articular capsule Articular cartilage Tendon sheath Synovial membrane Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Fibrous layer Humerus Frontal section through the right shoulder joint © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 9 A common knee injury. Lateral Hockey puck Medial Patella (outline) Tibial

Figure 8. 8 b The knee joint. Anterior cruciate ligament Articular cartilage on medial tibial condyle Medial meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Anterior Articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle Lateral meniscus Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 12 b The hip joint. Acetabular labrum Synovial membrane Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Head of femur Articular capsule (cut) Photo of the interior of the hip joint, lateral view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.