Figure 6 1 The bones and cartilages of

Figure 6. 1 The bones and cartilages of the human skeleton. Cartilage in external ear Cartilage in intervertebral disc Cartilages in nose Articular cartilage of a joint Costal cartilage Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Larynx Trachea Lung Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Pubic symphysis Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint) Articular cartilage of a joint © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of skeleton Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Cartilages Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages

Figure 21. 6 a Tissue composition of the tracheal wall. Posterior Mucosa Esophagus Trachealis muscle Submucosa Lumen of trachea Seromucous gland in submucosa Hyaline cartilage Adventitia Anterior Cross section of the trachea and esophagus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 3 Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone. Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae of spongy bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 4 a The structure of a long bone (humerus of arm). Proximal epiphysis Articular cartilage Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) Diaphysis Distal epiphysis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 4 b The structure of a long bone (humerus of arm). Articular cartilage Compact bone Spongy bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Endosteum

Figure 6. 4 c The structure of a long bone (humerus of arm). Yellow bone marrow Compact bone Periosteum Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Nutrient arteries © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Endosteum

Figure 6. 3 Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone. Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae of spongy bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 5 b Comparison of different types of bone cells. Osteoblast Matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 5 c Comparison of different types of bone cells. Osteocyte Mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 5 d Comparison of different types of bone cells. Osteoclast Bone-resorbing cell © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 7 Microscopic anatomy of compact bone. Compact bone Spongy bone Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae Osteon (Haversian system) Circumferential lamellae Lamellae Nerve Vein Artery Canaliculi Osteocyte in a lacuna © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Periosteal blood vessel Periosteum Lamellae Central canal Lacunae Interstitial Lacuna lamella (with osteocyte)

Figure 6. 7 b Microscopic anatomy of compact bone. Nerve Vein Artery Canaliculi Osteocyte in a lacuna © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Lamellae Central canal Lacunae

Figure 6. 7 c Microscopic anatomy of compact bone. Lamellae Central canal Lacunae Interstitial Lacuna lamella (with osteocyte) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 3 Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone. Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae of spongy bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 17 Fetal primary ossification centers at 12 weeks. Parietal bone Frontal bone of skull Mandible Occipital bone Clavicle Scapula Radius Ulna Humerus Femur Tibia Ribs Vertebra Ilium © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 8 Endochondral ossification in a long bone. Week 9 Month 3 Birth Secondary ossification center Epiphyseal blood vessel Area of deteriorating cartilage matrix Hyaline cartilage Spongy bone formation Bone collar Primary ossification center 1 Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Childhood to adolescence Articular cartilage Spongy bone Epiphyseal plate cartilage Medullary cavity Blood vessel of periosteal bud 2 Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities. 3 The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms. 4 The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses. 5 The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.

Figure 6. 8 Endochondral ossification in a long bone. (5 of 5) Childhood to adolescence Articular cartilage Spongy bone Epiphyseal plate cartilage 5 The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 10 Growth in length of a long bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate. Resting zone 1 Proliferation zone Cartilage cells undergo mitosis. 2 Hypertrophic zone Older cartilage cells enlarge. Calcified cartilage spicule Osteoblast depositing bone matrix Osseous tissue (bone) covering cartilage spicules © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Calcification zone Matrix calcifies; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating; blood vessels invade cavity. 4 Ossification zone New bone forms.

Table 6. 2 Common Types of Fractures (1 of 3) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 6. 2 Common Types of Fractures (2 of 3) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 6. 2 Common Types of Fractures (3 of 3) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 15 Stages in the healing of a bone fracture. (1 of 4) Hematoma © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 A hematoma forms.

Figure 6. 15 Stages in the healing of a bone fracture. (2 of 4) External callus Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) New blood vessels Spongy bone trabecula 2 Fibrocartilaginous callus forms. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 15 Stages in the healing of a bone fracture. (3 of 4) Bony callus of spongy bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Bony callus forms.

Figure 6. 15 Stages in the healing of a bone fracture. (4 of 4) Healed fracture © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Bone remodeling occurs.

Figure 6. 16 The contrasting architecture of normal versus osteoporotic bone. Normal bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Osteoporotic bone

Figure 6. 16 a The contrasting architecture of normal versus osteoporotic bone. Normal bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6. 16 b The contrasting architecture of normal versus osteoporotic bone. Osteoporotic bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.