Figure 4 9 a Muscle tissues Skeletal muscle

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Figure 4. 9 a Muscle tissues. Skeletal muscle Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious

Figure 4. 9 a Muscle tissues. Skeletal muscle Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Part of muscle fiber (cell) Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control. Nuclei Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin. Striations Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (approx. 440 x). Notice the obvious banding pattern and the fact that these large cells are multinucleate. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

Figure 4. 9 b Muscle tissues. Cardiac muscle Description: Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells

Figure 4. 9 b Muscle tissues. Cardiac muscle Description: Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs). Intercalated discs Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control. Striations Location: The walls of the heart. Nucleus Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (900 x); notice the striations, branching of cells, and the intercalated discs. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2

Figure 4. 9 c Muscle tissues. Smooth muscle Description: Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei;

Figure 4. 9 c Muscle tissues. Smooth muscle Description: Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets. Function: Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. Nuclei Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs. Smooth muscle cell Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (720 x). © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

Figure 4. 10 Nervous tissue Description: Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may

Figure 4. 10 Nervous tissue Description: Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonexcitable supporting cells. Neuron processes Nuclei of supporting cells Cell body Axon Dendrites Cell body of a neuron Function: Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity; supporting cells support and protect neurons. Neuron processes Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Photomicrograph: Neurons (350 x). © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4

Figure 4. 12 Tissue repair of a nonextensive skin wound: regeneration and fibrosis. Scab

Figure 4. 12 Tissue repair of a nonextensive skin wound: regeneration and fibrosis. Scab Blood clot in incised wound Area of granulation tissue in growth Regenerating epithelium Regenerated epithelium Epidermis Vein Fibroblast Macrophage Migrating white blood cell Inflammatory Artery chemicals 1 Inflammation sets the stage: • Severed blood vessels bleed. • Inflammatory chemicals are released. • Local blood vessels become more permeable, allowing white blood cells, fluid, clotting proteins, and other plasma proteins to seep into the injured area. • Clotting occurs; surface dries and forms a scab. Budding capillary 2 Organization restores the blood supply: • The clot is replaced by granulation tissue, which restores the vascular supply. • Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap. • Macrophages phagocytize dead and dying cells and other debris. • Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fibrosed area 3 Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair: • The fibrosed area matures and contracts; the epithelium thickens. • A fully regenerated epithelium with an underlying area of scar tissue results. 5

Figure 4. 12 Tissue repair of a nonextensive skin wound: regeneration and fibrosis. (1

Figure 4. 12 Tissue repair of a nonextensive skin wound: regeneration and fibrosis. (1 of 3) Scab Epidermis Vein Blood clot in incised wound Inflammatory chemicals Migrating white blood cell Artery 1 Inflammation sets the stage: • Severed blood vessels bleed. • Inflammatory chemicals are released. • Local blood vessels become more permeable, allowing white blood cells, fluid, clotting proteins, and other plasma proteins to seep into the injured area. • Clotting occurs; surface dries and forms a scab. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

Figure 4. 12 Tissue repair of a nonextensive skin wound: regeneration and fibrosis. (2

Figure 4. 12 Tissue repair of a nonextensive skin wound: regeneration and fibrosis. (2 of 3) Regenerating epithelium Area of granulation tissue ingrowth Fibroblast Macrophage Budding capillary 2 Organization restores the blood supply: • The clot is replaced by granulation tissue, which restores the vascular supply. • Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap. • Macrophages phagocytize dead and dying cells and other debris. • Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Figure 4. 12 Tissue repair of a nonextensive skin wound: regeneration and fibrosis. (3

Figure 4. 12 Tissue repair of a nonextensive skin wound: regeneration and fibrosis. (3 of 3) Regenerated epithelium Fibrosed area 3 Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair: • The fibrosed area matures and contracts; the epithelium thickens. • A fully regenerated epithelium with an underlying area of scar tissue results. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8

Figure 4. 13 Embryonic germ layers and the primary tissue types they produce. 16

Figure 4. 13 Embryonic germ layers and the primary tissue types they produce. 16 -day-old embryo (dorsal surface view) Muscle and connective tissue (mostly from mesoderm) Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Epithelium (from all three germ layers) Inner lining of digestive system (from endoderm) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Nervous tissue (from ectoderm) 9

Figure 4. 11 Classes of membranes. Cutaneous membrane The cutaneous membrane (the skin) covers

Figure 4. 11 Classes of membranes. Cutaneous membrane The cutaneous membrane (the skin) covers the body surface. Serous membranes line body cavities that are closed to the exterior. Cutaneous membrane (skin) Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Mucous membranes line body cavities that are open to the exterior. Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium Mucosa of nasal cavity Mucosa of mouth Esophagus lining Mucosa of lung bronchi Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

Figure 4. 11 a Classes of membranes. Cutaneous membrane The cutaneous membrane (the skin)

Figure 4. 11 a Classes of membranes. Cutaneous membrane The cutaneous membrane (the skin) covers the body surface. Cutaneous membrane (skin) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

Figure 4. 11 b Classes of membranes. Mucous membranes line body cavities that are

Figure 4. 11 b Classes of membranes. Mucous membranes line body cavities that are open to the exterior. Mucosa of nasal cavity Mucosa of mouth Esophagus lining Mucosa of lung bronchi © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12

Figure 4. 11 c Classes of membranes. Serous membranes line body cavities that are

Figure 4. 11 c Classes of membranes. Serous membranes line body cavities that are closed to the exterior. Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum 13