Figure 27 1 Hypothalamus and pituitary gland Hypothalamic

Figure 27. 1 Hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Hypothalamic neurons in the paraventricular nuclei Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus Hypothalamic neurons in the supraoptic nuclei Optic chiasma Superior hypophyseal artery Infundibulum (connecting stalk) Hypophyseal portal system Hypothalamichypophyseal tract • Primary capillary plexus Inferior hypophyseal artery • Hypophyseal portal veins Neurohypophysis (storage area for hypothalamic hormones) • Secondary capillary plexus Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Secretory cells of adenohypophysis Oxytocin ADH TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL Venule

Figure 27. 2 Human endocrine organs. Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands (on dorsal aspect of thyroid gland) Thymus Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovary (female) Testis (male)

Figure 27. 3 a-c Microscopic anatomy of selected endocrine organs. Colloid-filled follicles Pancreatic islet • cells (Glucagonproducing) Follicular cells Thyroid gland (360 ) • cells (Insulinproducing) Pancreatic acinar cells (exocrine) Oxyphil cells Parathyroid gland (375 ) Pancreatic islet (205 )

Figure 27. 3 d-f Microscopic anatomy of selected endocrine organs. Acidophils Capsule Chromophobe Zona glomerulosa Basophil Zona fasciculata Anterior pituitary (380 ) Pituicytes Zona reticularis Nerve fibers Adrenal medulla Adrenal gland (60 ) Posterior pituitary (345 )

Figure 29 -1 The composition of blood. Plasma 55% Constituent Major Functions Water Solvent for carrying other substances; absorbs heat Salts (electrolytes) Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Plasma proteins Albumin Fibrinogen Globulins Formed elements 45% Number (per mm 3 of blood) Cell type Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Osmotic balance, p. H buffering Leukocytes (white blood cells) Osmotic balance Clotting of blood Defense (antibodies) and lipid transport Functions 4 – 6 million Transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide 4800 – 10, 800 Defense and immunity Lymphocyte Basophil Eosinophil Substances transported by blood Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins) Waste products of metabolism (urea, uric acid) Respiratory gases (O 2 and CO 2) Hormones Monocyte Neutrophil Platelets 150, 000 – 400, 000 Blood clotting

Figure 29 -3 Photomicrograph of a human blood smear stained with Wright’s stain (765 ). Eosinophil Platelets Lymphocyte Neutrophils Monocyte Erythrocytes

Figure 29 -4 Leukocytes. Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytomasmic granules Monocyte; kidneyshaped nucleus

Figure 29 -9 Blood typing of ABO blood types. Blood being tested Serum Anti-A Anti-B Type AB (contains antigens A and B) RBCs Type B (contains antigen B) Type A (contains antigen A) Type O (contains no antigen)

Table 29 -1 Summary of Formed Elements of the Blood (1 of 3)

Figure 30. 1 Location of the heart in the thorax. Midsternal line Sternum 2 nd rib Diaphragm PMI: Apical pulse sounds heard

Figure 30. 2 a Gross anatomy of the human heart. Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery Superior vena cava Aortic arch Right pulmonary artery Ligamentum arteriosum Ascending aorta Left pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Auricle of left atrium Right atrium Circumflex artery Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Left coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Great cardiac vein Right marginal artery Small cardiac vein Inferior vena cava Anterior interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Apex

Figure 30. 2 c Gross anatomy of the human heart. Aorta Left pulmonary artery Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Right pulmonary veins Left pulmonary veins Auricle of left atrium Right atrium Left atrium Inferior vena cava Great cardiac vein Coronary sinus Posterior vein of left ventricle Left ventricle Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Posterior interventricular artery (in posterior interventricular sulcus) Middle cardiac vein Apex Right ventricle

Figure 30. 2 b Gross anatomy of the human heart. Aorta Superior vena cava Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery Left atrium Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Right atrium Right pulmonary veins Mitral (bicuspid) valve Fossa ovalis Aortic valve Pectinate muscles Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Left ventricle Papillary muscle Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum Trabeculae carneae Epicardium Inferior vena cava Myocardium Endocardium

Figure 30. 2 b Gross anatomy of the human heart. Aorta Superior vena cava Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery Left atrium Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Right atrium Right pulmonary veins Mitral (bicuspid) valve Fossa ovalis Aortic valve Pectinate muscles Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Left ventricle Papillary muscle Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum Trabeculae carneae Epicardium Inferior vena cava Myocardium Endocardium

Figure 30. 4 The systemic and pulmonary circuits. Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs Pulmonary Circuit Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Aorta and branches Venae cavae Left atrium Left ventricle Right atrium Right ventricle Heart Systemic Circuit Oxygen-rich, CO 2 -poor blood Oxygen-poor, CO 2 -rich blood Capillary beds of all body tissues where gas exchange occurs

Figure 30. 5 Coronary circulation. Superior vena cava Aorta Pulmonary trunk Anastomosis (junction of vessels) Left atrium Left coronary artery Right atrium Circumflex artery Right coronary artery Left ventricle Right marginal artery Anterior interventricular artery Posterior interventricular artery The major coronary arteries Superior vena cava Great cardiac vein Anterior cardiac veins Small cardiac vein Coronary sinus Middle cardiac vein The major cardiac veins

Figure 30. 7 Photomicrograph of cardiac muscle (665×). Intercalated discs Sarcolemma Nucleus Cardiac muscle cells

Figure 31. 1 The intrinsic conduction system of the heart. Superior vena cava 1 The sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) generates impulses. Internodal pathway Right atrium 2 The impulses Left atrium pause (0. 1 sec) at the atriventricular (AV) node. 3 The atrioventricular (AV) bundle connects the atria to the ventricles. 4 The bundle branches conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum. 5 The subendocardial conducting network depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles. Subendocardinal conducting network (Purkinje fibers) Interventricular septum

Figure 31. 2 The normal electrocardiogram. R T P QS QRS complex R Time Scale: small squares 0. 04 sec 1 large square 0. 20 sec 5 large squares 1. 00 sec T P P-R interval Q S S-T segment Q-T interval

Figure 31. 3 The sequence of excitation of the heart related to the deflection waves of an ECG tracing. SA node generates impulse; atrial depolarization begins Impulse delayed at AV node SA node QS Bundle branches R T Ventricular depolarization complete AV node R P Impulse passes to heart apex; ventricular depolarization begins T P QS Subendocardial conduction network R T P QS

Figure 32. 1 Generalized structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Vein Artery Tunica intima • Endothelium • Subendothelial layer • Internal elastic membrane Artery Vein Tunica media (smooth muscle and elastic fibers) • External elastic membrane Tunica externa (collagen fibers) • Vasa vasorum Valve Capillary network Lumen Basement membrane Capillary Endothelial cells

Figure 32. 13 Circulation in fetus and newborn. Fetus Aortic arch Newborn Superior vena cava Ductus arteriosus Ligamentum arteriosum Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Heart Lung Foramen ovale Fossa ovalis Liver Ductus venosus Ligamentum venosum Hepatic portal vein Umbilical vein Ligamentum teres Inferior vena cava Umbilicus Abdominal aorta Common iliac artery Umbilical arteries Medial umbilical ligaments Urinary bladder Umbilical cord Placenta High oxygenation Moderate oxygenation Low oxygenation Very low oxygenation

Figure 32. 14 Hepatic portal circulation. Hepatic veins Gastric veins Liver Hepatic portal vein Spleen Splenic vein Right gastroepiploic vein Inferior mesenteric vein Small intestine Superior mesenteric vein Large intestine Rectum

Figure 33. 1 Summary of events occurring in the heart during the cardiac cycle. Left heart QRS T P Electrocardiogram 1 st Heart sounds 120 Pressure (mm Hg) P 2 nd Dicrotic notch 80 Aorta Left ventricle 40 Atrial systole Left atrium 0 120 Ventricular volume (ml) EDV SV ESV 50 Atrioventricular valves Aortic and pulmonary valves Phase Open Closed 1 2 a 3 2 b 1 Left atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Ventricular filling Atrial contraction 1 Ventricular filling (mid-to-late diastole) Isovolumetric contraction phase Ventricular ejection phase 2 a Ventricular systole (atria in diastole) 2 b Isovolumetric relaxation 3 Early diastole Ventricular filling

Figure 33. 2 Areas of the thorax where heart sounds can best be detected. Aortic valve: sounds are heard in 2 nd intercostal space at right sternal margin Pulmonary valve: sounds are heard in 2 nd intercostal space at left sternal margin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mitral valve: sounds are heard over heart apex, in 5 th intercostal space in line with middle of clavicle Tricuspid valve: sounds are typically heard in right sternal margin of 5 th intercostal space; variations include over sternum or over left sternal margin in 5 th intercostal space

Figure 33. 3 Body sites where the pulse is most easily palpated. Superficial temporal artery Facial artery Common carotid artery Brachial artery Radial artery Femoral artery Popliteal artery Posterior tibial artery Dorsalis pedis artery

Figure 33. 9 Procedure for measuring blood pressure. Blood pressure 120 systolic 70 diastolic (to be measured) Rubber cuff inflated with air Brachial artery Pressure in cuff above 120; no sounds audible Pressure in cuff below 120, but above 70 120 mm Hg Pressure in cuff below 70; no sounds audible 70 mm Hg Brachial artery closed Sounds audible in stethoscope