Figure 20 1 Overview of the subdivisions of

Figure 20. 1 Overview of the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic Sympathetic Eye Brain stem Salivary glands Heart Skin* Cranial Cervical Sympathetic ganglia Heart T 1 Stomach Pancreas and small intestine Thoracic Pancreas Liver and gallbladder L 1 Adrenal gland Lumbar Large intestine Bladder Genitals © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Salivary glands Lungs Stomach Small intestine Eye Bladder Sacral Genitals

Figure 20. 2 Sympathetic trunks and pathways. Lateral horn (visceral motor zone) Dorsal root Spinal cord Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve Ventral root Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Rib Ventral root Gray ramus communicans Sympathetic trunk ganglion White ramus communicans Sympathetic trunk 1 Synapse at the same level Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Gray ramus communicans White ramus communicans Thoracic splanchnic nerves Location of the sympathetic trunk 2 Synapse at a higher or lower level Skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Effectors Blood vessels Splanchnic nerve Collateral ganglion (such as the celiac) Abdominal organs (e. g. , intestine) 3 Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column Three pathways of a sympathetic innervation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.