Figure 2 1 The circuit symbols for a

Figure 2. 1 The circuit symbols for (a) an ideal independent voltage source and (b) an ideal independent current source. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 2 The circuit symbols for (a) an ideal dependent voltage-controlled voltage source, (b) an ideal dependent current-controlled voltage source, (c) an ideal dependent voltage-controlled current source, and (d) an ideal dependent current-controlled current source. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 3 The circuits for Example 2. 1. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 4 The circuits for Example 2. 2. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 5 The circuit symbol for a resistor having a resistance R. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 6 Two possible reference choices for the current and voltage at the terminals of a resistor, and the resulting equations. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 7 The circuit symbol for an 8 Ω resistor. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 8 The circuits for Example 2. 3. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 9 A flashlight can be viewed as an electrical system. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 10 Circuit symbols. (a) Short circuit. (b) Open circuit. (c) Switch. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 11 The arrangement of flashlight components. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 12 A circuit model for a flashlight. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 13 The (a) device and (b) data for Example 2. 5. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 14 (a) The values of υt versus it for the device in Fig. 2. 13. (b) The circuit model for the device in Fig. 2. 13. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 15 Circuit model of the flashlight with assigned voltage and current variables. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 16 The circuit for Example 2. 6. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 17 The circuit for Example 2. 7. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 18 The circuit for Example 2. 8. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 19 The circuit shown in Fig. 2. 18, with the unknowns i 1, υo, and υ1 defined. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 20 (a) Device and (b) data for Example 2. 9. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 21 (a) The graph of υt versus it for the device in Fig. 2. 20(a). (b) The resulting circuit model for the device in Fig. 2. 20(a), connected to a 10 Ω resistor. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 22 A circuit with a dependent source. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 23 The circuit for Example 2. 10. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 24 The circuit for Example 2. 11. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 25 (a) A human body with a voltage difference between one arm and one leg. (b) A simplified model of the human body with a voltage difference between one arm and one leg. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure P 2. 1 Is this Configuration Valid? Answer: Yes, it is. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure P 2. 2 Is this Configuration Valid? Answer: No, it isn’t. Because of the parallel connected voltage sources. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure P 2. 3 Calculate the power of each source. Is the total dissipated power = total generated power? Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure P 2. 4 Find the voltage across the 5 A current source. What is current passing through 100 V source? Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure P 2. 10 Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure P 2. 11 Calculate the power values using the Power Convention. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure P 2. 14 Calculate the power values using the Power Convention. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure P 2. 18 Calculate the unknown circuit variables, using Node Voltage and Mesh Current methods. Compare your results with your friends’. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Find the unknowns using Mesh Current and Node Voltage methods. Figure P 2. 21 Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure P 2. 22 The voltage of 16 Ω resistor is given as 80 V. Find all the currents through each resistor. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure P 2. 23 Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Find i 1 and i 2 using the Superposition principle. Apply the sources individually and sum their effects. Figure P 2. 25 Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure P 2. 27 Calculate vΔ, i 1 and i 2. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure P 2. 30 Find the unknown variables. Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition James W. Nilsson • Susan A. Riedel Copyright © 2011, © 2008, © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.