Figure 14 1 An Introduction to Brain Structures

Figure 14– 1 An Introduction to Brain Structures and Functions (Part 1 of 2). Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri Sulci a Cerebrum • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions • Memory storage and processing • Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions Fissures b Cerebellum Spinal cord • Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns • Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord 1

Figure 14– 2 a Ventricular System. Cerebral hemispheres Ventricular System of the Brain Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Central canal a Ventricular system, lateral view 2

Figure 14– 2 b Ventricular System of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Central canal Cerebellum b Ventricular system, anterior view 3

Figure 14– 3 a The Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Cranial Meninges. Cranium Dura mater Subarachnoid space Pia mater Cerebral cortex Periosteal cranial dura Dural sinus Meningeal cranial dura Subdural space Arachnoid mater Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord a A lateral view of the brain, showing its position in the cranium and the organization of the meninges 4

Figure 14– 5 a The Diencephalon and Brainstem. Diencephalon Cerebral peduncle Lateral geniculate nucleus Thalamus Optic tract Medial geniculate nucleus Cranial Nerves Midbrain II Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus III IV Cerebellar Peduncles Superior cerebellar peduncle V Pons VI VIII IX X XI Middle cerebellar peduncle Inferior cerebellar peduncle Medulla oblongata XII Spinal nerve C 1 Spinal nerve C 2 Spinal cord a Lateral view 5

Figure 14– 12 a The Limbic System. Corpus callosum Fornix Pineal gland Cingulate gyrus (superior portion of limbic lobe) Anterior thalamic nuclei Parahippocampal gyrus (inferior portion of limbic lobe) Hypothalamus Mammillary body Temporal lobe of cerebrum Hippocampus (within dentate gyrus, the posterior portion of limbic lobe) a A diagrammatic sagittal section through the cerebrum, showing the cortical areas associated with the limbic system. The parahippocampal gyrus is shown as though transparent to make deeper limbic components visible. 6

Figure 14– 11 a The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section. Parietal lobe Corpus callosum Choroid plexus Septum pellucidum Thalamus (surrounds third ventricle) Fornix Anterior cerebral artery Frontal lobe Pineal gland Hypothalamus Cerebral aqueduct Anterior commissure Cerebellum Optic chiasm Optic nerve Fourth ventricle Infundibulum (cut) Tuber cinereum Mammillary body a The hypothalamus and adjacent portions of the brain 7

Figure 14– 13 b The Brain in Lateral View. Precentral gyrus Central Postcentral gyrus sulcus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Lateral sulcus Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata b Lateral view 8

Figure 14– 13 d The Brain in Lateral View. Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Cingulate gyrus Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Parietooccipital sulcus Occipital lobe Pons Temporal lobe Cerebellum Medulla oblongata d Midsagittal section 9

Figure 14– 18 Origins of the Cranial Nerves (Part 2 of 2). Cranial Nerves Olfactory bulb: termination of olfactory nerve (I) Optic nerve (II) Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Facial nerve (VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Accessory nerve (XI) 10