Figure 10 10 a Normal complementary pairing between

Figure 10. 10 a: Normal complementary pairing between nucleotide bases during DNA replication (Adapted from Drake 1970. )

Figure 10. 11: Different kinds of mutations produced by the indicated nucleotide changes

Figure 10. 12: Varied (pleiotropic) effects of the sickle cell mutation, (From Genetics Third Edition by Monroe W. Strickberger. Copyright © 1985 by Monroe W. Strickberger. Reprinted by permission of Prentice Hall, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. )

Figure 9. 02 a: Each homolog replicates (Part (c) from Hartl and Jones. )

Figure 9. 02 b: Metacentric, Acrocentric, Telocentric

Figure 9. 02 c: Human karyotype

Figure 9. 02 d: Mitosis

Figure 9. 03 a: First meiotic division

Figure 9. 03 b: Second meiotic division

Figure 9. 07: Explanation for the segregation and independent assortment of seed texture and seed color in Mendel's experiments (Adapted from Strickberger. )

Figure 9. 04 a: Pairing and chiasma formation between homologous chromosomes in meiosis (After Hartl and Jones. )

Figure 9. 04 b: Diagrammatic interpretation of pairing and chiasma formation between homologous chromosomes in meiosis

Figure 9. 05: Explanation of Mendel's observed F 1 and F 2 results for the inheritance of seed texture in garden peas

Figure 9. 05: Explanation of Mendel's observed F 1 and F 2 results for the inheritance of seed texture in garden peas

Figure 9. 06: Explanation of Mendel's results for the segregation and assortment of alleles at two pairs of genes (From Genetics Third Edition by Monroe W. Strickberger. Copyright © 1985 by Monroe W. Strickberger. Reprinted by permission of Prentice Hall, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. )

Figure 10. 02: Flowers and karyotypes of Nicotiana tabacum, N. glutinosa, and their sterile diploid hybrid

Figure 10. 03 a: Major kinds of structural chromosomal changes

Figure 10. 03 b: Major kinds of structural chromosomal changes

Figure 10. 03 c: Major kinds of structural chromosomal changes

Figure 10. 01: Terminologies used for different polyploids (Adapted from Strickberger. )

Figure 10. 03 d: Major kinds of structural chromosomal changes

Figure 10. 03 e: Major kinds of structural chromosomal changes

Figure 10. 04 a: Fusion (From Genetics Third Edition by Monroe W. Strickberger. Copyright © 1985 by Monroe W. Strickberger. Reprinted by permission of Prentice Hall, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. )

Figure 10. 04 b: Dissociation

Figure 10. 04 c: Fission

Figure 10. 05: The Chinese and Indian muntjac deer and their karyotypes (Adapted from Austin and Short. )

Figure 10. 07: Banding arrangements of the chromosomes of humans, chimps, gorillas, & orangutans (Reprinted with permission from "The Origin of Man: A Chromosomal Pictorial Legacy" by Yunis, J. J. Copyright © 1982 American Association for the Advancement of Science. )

Figure 10. 08: Six proposed major steps in the evolution of human chromosome no. 3, (Modified from Hino et al. , 1993)

Figure 12. 09: A comparison of the numbers of nucleotides in the genetic material of different types of organisms (From Strickberger, adapted from Sparrow et al. )

Table 12. 04: Estimates of the frequencies of nonrepetitive DNA sequences and three classes of repetitive DNA sequences in various genomes

Table 12. 06: Numbers of nucleotides and estimated numbers of genes for 18 taxa