Figure 1 1 Levels of structural organization Smooth

Figure 1. 2 a The body’s organ systems. (a) Integumentary System. Skin (a) Integumentary

Figure 1. 2 b The body’s organ systems. (b) Skeletal System. Cartilages Joint Bones

Figure 1. 2 c The body’s organ systems. (c) Muscular System. Skeletal muscles (c)

Figure 1. 2 d The body’s organ systems. (d) Nervous System. Brain Sensory receptor

Figure 1. 2 e The body’s organ systems. (e) Endocrine System. Pineal gland Pituitary

Figure 1. 2 f The body’s organ systems. (f) Cardiovascular System. Heart Blood vessels

Figure 1. 2 g The body’s organ systems. (g) Lymphatic System. Thoracic duct Lymph

Figure 1. 2 h The body’s organ systems. (h) Respiratory System. Nasal cavity Pharynx

Figure 1. 2 i The body’s organ systems. (i) Digestive System. Oral cavity Esophagus

Figure 1. 2 j The body’s organ systems. (j) Urinary System. Kidney Ureter Urinary

Figure 1. 2 k The body’s organ systems. (k) Male Reproductive System. Seminal vesicles

Figure 1. 2 l The body’s organ systems. (l) Female Reproductive System. Mammary glands

Figure 1. 4 The elements of a homeostatic control system. 3 Input: Information sent

Figure 1. 5 a Surface anatomy: Regional terms. (a) Anterior/Ventral. Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal

Figure 1. 5 b Surface anatomy: Regional terms. (b) Posterior/Dorsal. Cephalic Occipital Upper limb

Figure 1. 7 Body cavities. KEY: Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

Figure 1. 8 a Abdominopelvic surface and cavity. (a) The four quadrants. Right upper

Figure 1. 8 b Abdominopelvic surface and cavity. (b) Nine regions delineated by four

Figure 1. 8 c Abdominopelvic surface and cavity. (c) Anterior view of the ventral

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Figure 1. 1 Levels of structural organization. Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Blood Vessel (organ) Cardio– vascular system 6 Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 2 a The body’s organ systems. (a) Integumentary System. Skin (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc. ) receptors and sweat and oil glands. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 2 b The body’s organ systems. (b) Skeletal System. Cartilages Joint Bones (b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 2 c The body’s organ systems. (c) Muscular System. Skeletal muscles (c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 2 d The body’s organ systems. (d) Nervous System. Brain Sensory receptor Spinal cord Nerves (d) Nervous System Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 2 e The body’s organ systems. (e) Endocrine System. Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland (parathyroid glands on posterior aspect) Thymus gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Testis (male) Ovary (female) (e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 2 f The body’s organ systems. (f) Cardiovascular System. Heart Blood vessels (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. ; the heart pumps blood. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 2 g The body’s organ systems. (g) Lymphatic System. Thoracic duct Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels (g) Lymphatic System Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 2 h The body’s organ systems. (h) Respiratory System. Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Left lung (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 2 i The body’s organ systems. (i) Digestive System. Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (i) Digestive System Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 2 j The body’s organ systems. (j) Urinary System. Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 2 k The body’s organ systems. (k) Male Reproductive System. Seminal vesicles Penis Prostate gland Vas deferens Testis Scrotum (k) Male Reproductive System Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 2 l The body’s organ systems. (l) Female Reproductive System. Mammary glands (in breasts) Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Vagina (l) Female Reproductive System Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 4 The elements of a homeostatic control system. 3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center 4 Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) 2 Change detected by receptor 1 Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imb ala nce Variable (in homeostasis) Imb ala Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb nce 5 Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 5 a Surface anatomy: Regional terms. (a) Anterior/Ventral. Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Buccal Oral Cervical Upper limb Acromial Deltoid Thoracic Sternal Axillary Brachial Antecubital Abdominal Antebrachial (forearm) Umbilical Pelvic Carpal Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral Patellar Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) Crural Key: Fibular Tarsal (ankle) = Thorax = Abdomen = Back (Dorsum) Digital (a) Anterior/Ventral Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 5 b Surface anatomy: Regional terms. (b) Posterior/Dorsal. Cephalic Occipital Upper limb Acromial Cervical Back (dorsal) Scapular Brachial Vertebral Olecranal Lumbar Antebrachial (forearm) Sacral Gluteal Digital Lower limb Femoral Popliteal Sural Fibular Key: = Thorax = Abdomen Calcaneal = Back (Dorsum) Plantar Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb (b) Posterior/Dorsal Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 7 Body cavities. KEY: Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity Spinal cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Abdominopelvic cavity Diaphragm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 8 a Abdominopelvic surface and cavity. (a) The four quadrants. Right upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left upper quadrant Left lower quadrant (a) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 8 b Abdominopelvic surface and cavity. (b) Nine regions delineated by four planes. Right hypochondriac Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right Left Umbilical lumbar region Right iliac region Hypogastric region Left iliac region (b) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 1. 8 c Abdominopelvic surface and cavity. (c) Anterior view of the ventral body cavity showing superficial organs. Lung Heart Diaphragm Spleen Liver Large intestine (colon) Stomach Small intestine Rectum (c) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9 e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.