FIGARO Work Package 4 Irrigation monitoring control technologies

FIGARO Work Package 4: Irrigation monitoring & control technologies 24 th-25 th June 2015 Enschede, Netherlands Roohollah Torabi C-Tech Innovation Ltd roohollah. torabi@ctechinnovation. com www. ctechinnovation. com

WP 4: Gantt Chart Ø Work package 4 starts in Month 3 and continues to end of Month 36 (34 months in total) Ø Six main Tasks (T 4. 1 to T 4. 6) Ø We are now at month 33, the end of Q 11. FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Figaro Meeting Enschede, Viborg, 19 th. June 2015 2014

WP 4: Deliverables Dec 2014 Mar 2015 Sep 2015 FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Enschede, June 2015

WP 4: Tasks q 4. 1: Development of control and monitoring interface and communication system (Netafim) q 4. 2: Characterisation of new off-the-shelf monitoring tools (AU) q 4. 3: Adaption of the Mobil. Las double sensor technology (Agrosens) q 4. 4: Remote sensing (UPVLC, Spain) q 4. 5: Sensors for measuring irrigation water quality and identification of marker components (C-Tech) q 4. 6: Capturing and assimilation of hydraulic parameters of irrigation networks from SCADA systems (UPVLC) FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Enschede, June 2015

WP 4: Task 4. 1 Development of control & monitoring interface and communication systems Ø Start Month 3; End Month 18 (03/2014) Ø Responsible partner: NETAFIM Ø Main contributing partners: NETAFIM, C-TECH, Hidromod, Eden, Agro. Sens Ø Deliverable(s): D 4. 3 (Month 36, 09/2015) Netafim to give updates Ø Milestone: Merged MS 4. 1 & MS 4. 2 (Month 18, 03/2014) Ø MS 41&42 is prepared by C-Tech and sent to Bracha. Completed. FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Figaro Meeting Enschede, Viborg, 19 th. June 2015 2014

WP 4: Task 4. 2 Characterisation of new off-the-shelf monitoring tools Ø Start Month 3; End Month 18 Ø Responsible partner: Aarhus University Ø Main contributing partners: AU, C-Tech, NETAFIM, Eden, Agro. Sens & IST Ø Milestone: MS 41 & MS 42 (Month 6 & 18) Merged. Task completed FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Figaro Meeting Enschede, Viborg, 19 th. June 2015 2014

WP 4: Task 4. 3 Adaption of Mobi. Las double sensors technology Ø Timing: Month 3 to Month 15 Ø Main deliverable: D 4. 1 (months 27, 12/2014) Ø Task Leader : Agrosens (Any updates on this task? ). Ø Contributing partners: AU and Agro. Sens Ø Objective: Adaption of the Mobil. Las double sensor technology Ø Deliverable report 4. 1 is written and submitted. Ø Agro. Sens: Any further updates on Mobilas sensor? !. FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Figaro Meeting Enschede, Viborg, 19 th. June 2015 2014

WP 4: Task 4. 4 Introduction Remote sensing Ø Start Month 3: End Month 30 Ø Responsible partner: UPVLC Ø Main contributing partners: UPVLC, NETAFIM, AU, CTECH, Hidromod, IST, DUTH Ø Deliverable: D 4. 2 (Month 30, 03/2015) - UPVLC to give updates on: Prototype of a module for remote sensing including holistic output of estimating coefficient crops > D 4. 2 is already written and submitted. FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Figaro Meeting Enschede, Viborg, 19 th. June 2015 2014

Task 4. 5 – Introduction Sensors for measuring irrigation water quality and identification of marker components q Start Month 3; End Month 30 q Task leader: C-Tech q Main Contributing partner: C-Tech q Main Deliverable(s): D 4. 1 (Month 27) Completed q Milestone: MS 42 (Month 18) - Completed q Goal - to develop an automated platform to sense NPK concentrations in soil and irrigation waters in-situ to monitor and determine fertiliser requirements and to avoid excessive addition of fertilisers FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Enschede, June 2015

Task 4. 5 – Reminder of Previous Work q Suction Cup – draws the moisture from soil through a porous material by vacuum q Original land was using Ion Selective Electrodes to find the nitrate and potassium concentrations in soil water However Will NOT use Ion Selective Electrodes 1. Ionic Interference – Chloride, nitrite, fluoride, sulphate 2. Ionic Strength – addition of stabilisers required 3. Potential Drift – although slope of curve is maintained, potential values measured drift – 3 m. V per 8 hours quoted 4. Cannot detect phosphate by ISE – must use alternative method anyway New Plan: N, P and K all detected by UV-Vis methods

Task 4. 5 – UV-Vis Detection of NPK Nitrate (NO 3 -) q. Concentration proportional to the absorbance measured at UV region. q No additional reagents needed q Interference from organic matter – can be overcome with a standard addition method and measurement at a different wavelength for correction of organics. q In UV range – require an appropriate light source Currently on the market – portable spectrometers (e. g. Hach Lange) q. Can do all NPK q. Require manual intervention – sampling, handling chemicals, manual recording

Task 4. 5 – UV-Vis Detection of NPK Phosphate (PO 4 -) q 2 Colourimetric methods available – yellow and blue q. Reaction with reagent(s) generates a colour and the measured absorption from the solution is directly proportional to the phosphate concentration in the sample Yellow Blue Vanadate molybdate will react with orthophosphate in acid conditions to form vanadomolybdophosphoric acid. The absorbance of this can be measured at 400 nm Ammonium molybdate and antimony potassium tartrate react with orthophosphate in acid medium to form a hetropoly acid that is reduced to an intensely blue colour with ascorbic acid. The absorbance of this can be measured at 800 nm Increasing Phosphate Concentration Will use the yellow method (the ascorbic acid required in the blue method is not water stable and needs to be added in powder form - more challenging to automate!) On the market: -Cheap handheld devices available for benchmarking -Need manual intervention to operate

Turbidity Measurements with Tetraphenyl borate (Kalignost) [3] The determination of potassium in water using the Kalignost turbidity method is known for being accurate, rapid and relatively inexpensive. Potassium reacts wi Task 4. 5 – UV-Vis Detection of NPK Potassium (K+) q Kalignost turbidity method is known q Potassium reacts with sodium tetraphenyl borate to form potassium tetraphenyl borate a white precipitate sample turbidity. q Typical turbidity measurement at 90° angle – added expense to flow cell q Method developed using absorbance at 700 nm – (straight through) – good consistency and results achieved! Photoelectric nephelometer – typical set up Figaro Set up Increasing Potassium Concentration Two reagents 1. Basic formaldehyde 2. Sodium tetraphenyl borate (aq)

Task 4. 5 – UV-Vis Detection of NPK Real soil samples extracted with suction cup tested by proposed FIGARO methods and with another lab based method – testing reliability q. Checking Phosphate and Potassium relatively – can use ICP Soil Sample Reference PO 4 - Conc. by Yellow Method (ppm) Conc. by ICP (ppm) Soil Sample Ref Concentration by UV-Vis (Liquid Kalignost) Concentration by ICP 30 oct 5. 44 5. 25 29 oct 3. 33 4. 41 10 -Nov 5. 19 6. 36 07 -Nov 1. 12 1. 62 05 -Nov 0. 98 >1 28 -Oct 2. 70 3. 7 22 jul 0. 71 2. 39 31 -Oct 7. 68 5. 78 31 oct 5. 22 4. 91 10 -Nov 5. 19 6. 36 07 -Nov 1. 12 1. 62 K+ q Nitrate was initially more challenging to compare accurately, however more reliable results obtained at later trials. q Good consistency between the two readings for phosphate and potassium measurement – giving confidence in methods chosen. FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Enschede, June 2015

Task 4. 5 – Process Flow Diagram .

Task 4. 5 – Spectrometer Light Source Spectrometer Fibre Optic Chosen for high spectral response time and high resolution with electronics designed to give considerable flexibility for use with OEM customers “Z” Cell FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Enschede, June 2015

Task 4. 5 – Test Platform – P&ID FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Enschede, June 2015

Task 4. 5 – Fertalyser Electronic side, built completed FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Enschede, June 2015

Task 4. 5 – Fertalyser Mechanical side, built completed FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Enschede, June 2015

FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Enschede, June 2015

Progress of Mechanical & Electronic Design The following has been done since the last update: All valves and motors tested for correct operation. All piping and connections tested for leaks. Purge sub routine in PLC written and tested for all motors and valves except reagent and standards. Purge sub routine in PLC written and tested for all reagent pumps and valves. Purge sub routine in PLC written and tested for all standards pumps and valves. Analog inputs calibrated and tested. Analog outputs calibrated and tested. Main PLC program for overall system control written and tested. To do: Field testing of the whole unit.

Progress of Electronic Design PLC Subroutine for setting Spectroscopy integration time written. PLC Subroutine for reference intensity at 220 nm has been written. PLC Subroutine for reference intensity at 275 nm has been written. PLC Subroutine for reference intensity at 400 nm has been written. PLC Subroutine for reference intensity at 700 nm has been written. PLC Subroutine for Nitrate test at 220 nm has been written. PLC Subroutine for Nitrate test at 275 nm has been written. PLC Subroutine for Phosphate test at 400 nm has been written. PLC Subroutine for Potassium test at 700 nm has been written.

Task 4. 5 – Conclusions & Future Steps Conclusions q Methods for detecting NPK using the same light source/spectrometer have been shown to have good reproducibility and reasonably good accuracy q Integrating Ocean Optics spectrometer into purpose build test platform to carry out tests in-situ q Process completely automated - will carry out water extraction and testing for NPK before sending data to central database q The mechanical and electronic build is completed q Control software is near completion FIGARO WP Leaders Meeting, Enschede, June 2015

Next 12 months Finishing the control software for Fertalyser (Mid July) Testing the completed Fertalyser in the field in the UK August 2015 Debugging and troubleshooting Testing the Fertalayser in one of the site (i. e. in Aarhus) – Sept-Oct 2015 Integration of Fertalayser in the FIGARO platform Dissemination Exploitation