Fig 7 CO p 184 Fig 7 1

Condensation Precipitation 111, 000 Precipitation 385, 000 Transpiration and Glaciers Evaporation 71, 000 425,

One kilogram of seawater Water 965. 6 g Most abundant ions producing salinity Other

SO 2 (Sulfur dioxide) CO 2 (Carbon dioxide) H 2 S (Hydrogen sulfide) HCl

Concentration of dissolved gas at 1 atmosphere (milliliters per liter) OXYGEN 15 10 5

0 0 4, 000 O 2 2, 000 CO 2 8, 000 Depth (ft)

Ac idi c Neutral ic s Ba p. H scale Fig. 7 -9, p.

ATMOSPHERE CO 2 (gas) CO 2 + (dissolved) H 2 O H 2 CO

Relative abundance of carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion, and carbonate ion in seawater 100% 50%

Depth (m) 1, 000 Bottom of photosynthetic 2, 000 zone 3, 000 4, 000

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Fig. 7 -CO, p. 184

Fig. 7 -1, p. 186

Condensation Precipitation 111, 000 Precipitation 385, 000 Transpiration and Glaciers Evaporation 71, 000 425, 000 Groundwater Lakes Runoff 40, 000 Ocean Fig. 7 -1, p. 186

Fig. 7 -2, p. 187

Salt Fig. 7 -2, p. 187

Table 7 -1, p. 188

Fig. 7 -3, p. 189

One kilogram of seawater Water 965. 6 g Most abundant ions producing salinity Other components (salinity) 34. 4 g Sodium (Na+) 10. 556 g Sulfate (SO 42−) 2. 649 g Chloride (Cl–) Magnesium (Mg 2+) 1. 272 g Bicarbonate (HCO 3−) 0. 140 g 18. 980 g Other Calcium (Ca 2+) 0. 400 g Potassium (K+) 0. 380 g Fig. 7 -3, p. 189

Table 7 -2, p. 189

Fig. 7 -4 a, p. 190

SO 2 (Sulfur dioxide) CO 2 (Carbon dioxide) H 2 S (Hydrogen sulfide) HCl (Hydrochloric acid) Cl− (chloride) SO 42− (sulfate) Sulfur Volcano Sea spray (ions) Adsorption and Biological processes precipitation Ca 2+ (calcium) HCO 3− (bicarbonate) K+ (potassium) Ca 2+ (calcium) Dissolution SO 2− (sulfate) 4 Na+ (sodium) (magnesium) Chemical reactions Bottom sediments SO 42− (sulfate) Ridge system River discharge (ions) Uplift Mg 2+ Fig. 7 -4 a, p. 190

Fig. 7 -4 b, p. 190

Fig. 7 -5, p. 191

Fig. 7 -6, p. 192

Table 7 -3, p. 192

Box 7 -1, p. 193

Table 7 -4, p. 194

Fig. 7 -7, p. 194

Concentration of dissolved gas at 1 atmosphere (milliliters per liter) OXYGEN 15 10 5 0 Seawater 0 5 10 15 20 Temperature (°C) 25 Concentration of dissolved gas at 1 atmosphere (milliliters per liter) 20 20 NITROGEN 15 Seawater 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Temperature (°C) Fig. 7 -7, p. 194

Fig. 7 -8, p. 195

0 0 4, 000 O 2 2, 000 CO 2 8, 000 Depth (ft) Depth (m) 1, 000 3, 000 12, 000 4, 000 1 2 44 46 3 4 5 48 50 52 6 O 2 Concentration of dissolved gas in milliliters per liter (ml/l) Fig. 7 -8, p. 195

Fig. 7 -9, p. 196

Ac idi c Neutral ic s Ba p. H scale Fig. 7 -9, p. 196

Fig. 7 -10, p. 197

ATMOSPHERE CO 2 (gas) CO 2 + (dissolved) H 2 O H 2 CO 3 H+ Photosynthesis Respiration O 2 (dissolved) OCEAN BOTTOM Carbonic acid HCO 3– bicarbonate ion OH– H+ + CO 32− carbonate ion Precipitation Solution Ca. CO 3 Carbonate sediments or shells Fig. 7 -10, p. 197

Fig. 7 -11, p. 198

Relative abundance of carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion, and carbonate ion in seawater 100% 50% H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid) HCO 3– (bicarbonate ion) CO 32− (carbonate ion) Average p. H of seawater Normal p. H range of seawater 0% 4 5 6 7 8 p. H 9 10 11 12 Fig. 7 -11, p. 198

Fig. 7 -12, p. 198

Depth (m) 1, 000 Bottom of photosynthetic 2, 000 zone 3, 000 4, 000 6, 000 8, 000 10, 000 12, 000 4, 000 CCD 5, 000 Upper sunlit layer 2, 000 Depth (ft) 0 8. 0 average ocean p. H 7. 0 7. 5 8. 0 8. 5 9. 0 14, 000 16, 000 18, 000 6, 000 Fig. 7 -12, p. 198