Fig 53 1 Fig 53 2 APPLICATION Hectors

Fig. 53 -1

Fig. 53 -2 APPLICATION Hector’s dolphins

Fig. 53 -3 Births and immigration add individuals to a population. Immigration Deaths and emigration remove individuals from a population. Emigration

Fig. 53 -4 (a) Clumped (b) Uniform (c) Random

Fig. 53 -4 a (a) Clumped

Fig. 53 -4 b (b) Uniform

Fig. 53 -4 c (c) Random

Table 53 -1

Fig. 53 -5 Number of survivors (log scale) 1, 000 100 Females 10 1 Males 0 2 4 6 Age (years) 8 10

Number of survivors (log scale) Fig. 53 -6 1, 000 I 100 II 10 III 1 0 50 Percentage of maximum life span 100

Table 53 -2

Fig. 53 -7

Fig. 53 -8 Parents surviving the following winter (%) RESULTS 100 Male Female 80 60 40 20 0 Reduced brood size Normal brood size Enlarged brood size

Fig. 53 -9 (a) Dandelion (b) Coconut palm

Fig. 53 -9 a (a) Dandelion

Fig. 53 -9 b (b) Coconut palm

Fig. 53 -10 2, 000 Population size (N) d. N = 1. 0 N dt 1, 500 d. N = 0. 5 N dt 1, 000 500 0 0 5 10 Number of generations 15

Fig. 53 -11 Elephant population 8, 000 6, 000 4, 000 2, 000 0 1900 1920 1940 Year 1960 1980

Table 53 -3

Fig. 53 -12 Exponential growth Population size (N) 2, 000 d. N = 1. 0 N dt 1, 500 K = 1, 500 Logistic growth 1, 000 d. N = 1. 0 N dt 1, 500 – N 1, 500 0 0 5 10 Number of generations 15

Number of Daphnia/50 m. L Number of Paramecium/m. L Fig. 53 -13 1, 000 800 600 400 200 0 180 150 120 90 60 30 0 0 5 10 Time (days) 15 (a) A Paramecium population in the lab 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Time (days) (b) A Daphnia population in the lab 140 160

Number of Paramecium/m. L Fig. 53 -13 a 1, 000 800 600 400 200 0 0 5 10 Time (days) 15 (a) A Paramecium population in the lab

Number of Daphnia/50 m. L Fig. 53 -13 b 180 150 120 90 60 30 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Time (days) (b) A Daphnia population in the lab 140 160

Fig. 53 -14

Fig. 53 -15 Birth or death rate per capita Density-dependent birth rate Densitydependent death rate Equilibrium density Population density (a) Both birth rate and death rate vary. Birth or death rate per capita Densityindependent death rate Densityindependent birth rate Density-dependent death rate Equilibrium density Population density (c) Death rate varies; birth rate is constant. Population density (b) Birth rate varies; death rate is constant.

Percentage of juveniles producing lambs Fig. 53 -16 100 80 60 40 200 300 400 500 Population size 600

Fig. 53 -17 (a) Cheetah marking its territory (b) Gannets

Fig. 53 -17 a (a) Cheetah marking its territory

Fig. 53 -17 b (b) Gannets

Fig. 53 -18 2, 100 Number of sheep 1, 900 1, 700 1, 500 1, 300 1, 100 900 700 500 0 1955 1965 1975 1985 Year 1995 2005

Fig. 53 -19 2, 500 50 Moose 40 2, 000 30 1, 500 20 1, 000 10 500 0 1955 1965 1975 1985 Year 1995 0 2005 Number of moose Number of wolves Wolves

Fig. 53 -20 Snowshoe hare 120 9 Lynx 80 6 40 3 0 0 1850 1875 1900 Year 1925 Number of lynx (thousands) Number of hares (thousands) 160

Fig. 53 -20 a

Fig. 53 -20 b 120 9 Lynx 80 6 40 3 0 0 1850 1875 1900 Year 1925 Number of lynx (thousands) Number of hares (thousands) 160 Snowshoe hare

Fig. 53 -21 ˚ Aland Islands EUROPE 5 km Occupied patch Unoccupied patch

Fig. 53 -22 6 5 4 3 2 The Plague 1 0 8000 B. C. E. 4000 3000 2000 1000 B. C. E. 0 1000 C. E. 2000 C. E. Human population (billions) 7

Fig. 53 -23 2. 2 2. 0 Annual percent increase 1. 8 1. 6 1. 4 2005 1. 2 Projected data 1. 0 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0 1950 1975 2000 Year 2025 2050

Birth or death rate per 1, 000 people Fig. 53 -24 50 40 30 20 10 Sweden Birth rate Death rate 0 1750 1800 Mexico Birth rate Death rate 1850 1900 Year 1950 2000 2050

Fig. 53 -25 Rapid growth Afghanistan Male Female 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 Percent of population Age 85+ 80– 84 75– 79 70– 74 65– 69 60– 64 55– 59 50– 54 45– 49 40– 44 35– 39 30– 34 25– 29 20– 24 15– 19 10– 14 5– 9 0– 4 8 10 8 Slow growth United States Male Female 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 Percent of population Age 85+ 80– 84 75– 79 70– 74 65– 69 60– 64 55– 59 50– 54 45– 49 40– 44 35– 39 30– 34 25– 29 20– 24 15– 19 10– 14 5– 9 0– 4 8 8 No growth Italy Male Female 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 Percent of population

60 80 50 Life expectancy (years) Infant mortality (deaths per 1, 000 births) Fig. 53 -26 40 30 20 60 40 20 10 0 Indus- Less industrialized countries

Fig. 53 -27 Log (g carbon/year) 13. 4 9. 8 5. 8 Not analyzed

Fig. 53 -UN 1 Patterns of dispersion Clumped Uniform Random

Population size (N) Fig. 53 -UN 2 d. N = rmax N dt Number of generations

Population size (N) Fig. 53 -UN 3 K = carrying capacity K–N d. N = rmax N dt K Number of generations

Fig. 53 -UN 4

Fig. 53 -UN 5