Fig 51 1 Fig 51 2 Fig 51

Fig. 51 -1

Fig. 51 -2

Fig. 51 -3 (a) (b)

Fig. 51 -4 Dry open area Sow bug Moist site under leaf

Fig. 51 -5

Fig. 51 -6

Fig. 51 -7 (a) Orienting (b) Tapping (c) “Singing”

Fig. 51 -8 (a) Worker bees (b) Round dance (food near) (c) Waggle dance (food distant) A 30° C B Beehive 30 ° Location A Location B Location C

Fig. 51 -8 a (a) Worker bees

Fig. 51 -8 b (b) Round dance (food near)

Fig. 51 -8 c (c) Waggle dance (food distant) A 30° C B Beehive 30 ° Location A Location B Location C

Fig. 51 -9 (a) Minnows before alarm (b) Minnows after alarm

Fig. 51 -10 (a) Konrad Lorenz and geese (b) Pilot and cranes

Fig. 51 -10 a (a) Konrad Lorenz and geese

Fig. 51 -10 b (b) Pilot and cranes

Fig. 51 -11 EXPERIMENT Nest Pinecone RESULTS Nest No nest

Fig. 51 -11 a EXPERIMENT Nest Pinecone

Fig. 51 -11 b RESULTS Nest No nest

Fig. 51 -12

Fig. 51 -13

Table 51 -1

Fig. 51 -14 EXPERIMENT SOUND RECORDINGS Chrysoperla plorabunda parent: Volley period Standard repeating unit Vibration volleys crossed with Chrysoperla johnsoni parent: Volley period Standard repeating unit RESULTS F 1 hybrids, typical phenotype: Standard repeating unit Volley period

Fig. 51 -14 a EXPERIMENT SOUND RECORDINGS Chrysoperla plorabunda parent: Volley period Standard repeating unit Vibration volleys crossed with Chrysoperla johnsoni parent: Volley period Standard repeating unit

Fig. 51 -14 b RESULTS F 1 hybrids, typical phenotype: Standard repeating unit Volley period

Fig. 51 -15 EXPERIMENT Scratch marks RESULTS N BRITAIN Adults from E Britain and offspring of British adults W GE S RM N AN Y Young W from SW Germany E S

Fig. 51 -15 a EXPERIMENT Scratch marks

Fig. 51 -15 b RESULTS N BRITAIN Adults from E Britain and offspring of British adults W GE RMS N AN Y Young W from SW Germany E S

Fig. 51 -16

Fig. 51 -17

Fig. 51 -18 Mean path length (cm) 7 Low population density High population density 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 1 R 2 R 3 K 1 D. melanogaster lineages K 2 K 3

125 60 Average number of drops 50 100 40 Average number of drops 30 75 Total flight height 20 Drop height preferred by crows = 5. 23 m 10 50 25 0 2 3 5 7 Drop height (m) 15 Total flight height (number of drops drop height in m) Fig. 51 -19

Fig. 51 -20 (a) Monogamous species (b) Polygynous species (c) Polyandrous species

Fig. 51 -20 a (a) Monogamous species

Fig. 51 -20 b (b) Polygynous species

Fig. 51 -20 c (c) Polyandrous species

Fig. 51 -21 Eggs

Fig. 51 -22

Fig. 51 -23

Fig. 51 -24 Experimental Groups of Parental Pairs Both parents ornamented Males ornamented Offspring Control Group Females ornamented Parents not ornamented Offspring Mate preference of female offspring: ornamented male none

Fig. 51 -25

Fig. 51 -26

Fig. 51 -27

Fig. 51 -28 Parent A Parent B OR 1/ (0. 5) probability Sibling 1 1/ (0. 5) probability 2 Sibling 2 2

Fig. 51 -29 Mean distance (m) moved from birthplace 300 Male 200 100 Female 0 1 2 3 4 12 13 14 Age (months) 15 25 26

Fig. 51 -30 Control Sample Male guppies with varying degrees of coloration Female guppies prefer males with more orange coloration. Experimental Sample Female model in mock courtship with less orange male Female guppies prefer males that are associated with another female.

Fig. 51 -31

Fig. 51 -32

Fig. 51 -UN 1 Imprinting Learning and problem solving Cognition Associative learning Spatial learning Social learning

Fig. 51 -UN 2