Fig 45 1 Fig 45 UN 1 Fig

Fig. 45 -1

Fig. 45 -UN 1

Fig. 45 -2 Blood vessel Response (a) Endocrine signaling Response (b) Paracrine signaling Response (c) Autocrine signaling Synapse Neuron Response (d) Synaptic signaling Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel (e) Neuroendocrine signaling Response

Fig. 45 -2 a Blood vessel Response (a) Endocrine signaling Response (b) Paracrine signaling Response (c) Autocrine signaling

Fig. 45 -2 b Synapse Neuron Response (d) Synaptic signaling Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel (e) Neuroendocrine signaling Response

Fig. 45 -3 Water-soluble Lipid-soluble 0. 8 nm Polypeptide: Insulin Steroid: Cortisol Amine: Epinephrine Amine: Thyroxine

Fig. 45 -4 RESULTS MSH injected into melanocyte Melanocyte with melanosomes (black dots) Nucleus Melanosomes do not disperse Melanosomes disperse MSH injected into interstitial fluid (blue)

Fig. 45 -5 -1 Fat-soluble hormone Watersoluble hormone Signal receptor Transport protein TARGET CELL (a) Signal receptor NUCLEUS (b)

Fig. 45 -5 -2 Fat-soluble hormone Watersoluble hormone Transport protein Signal receptor TARGET CELL Cytoplasmic response (a) OR Gene regulation NUCLEUS Signal receptor Cytoplasmic response (b) Gene regulation

Fig. 45 -6 -1 Epinephrine Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor GTP ATP c. AMP Second messenger

Fig. 45 -6 -2 Epinephrine Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor GTP ATP c. AMP Inhibition of glycogen synthesis Promotion of glycogen breakdown Protein kinase A Second messenger

Fig. 45 -7 -1 Hormone (estradiol) Estradiol (estrogen) receptor Plasma membrane Hormone-receptor complex

Fig. 45 -7 -2 Hormone (estradiol) Estradiol (estrogen) receptor Plasma membrane Hormone-receptor complex DNA Vitellogenin m. RNA for vitellogenin

Fig. 45 -8 -1 Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown) Epinephrine receptor Glycogen deposits Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released. (a) Liver cell Vessel dilates. (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel

Fig. 45 -8 -2 Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown) Different receptors Epinephrine receptor Glycogen deposits Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released. (a) Liver cell Vessel dilates. (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel Vessel constricts. (c) Intestinal blood vessel

Fig. 45 -9 (a) (b)

Fig. 45 -9 a (a)

Fig. 45 -9 b (b)

Fig. 45 -10 Major endocrine glands: Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Organs containing endocrine cells: Thymus Heart Adrenal glands Testes Liver Stomach Pancreas Kidney Small intestine Ovaries

Fig. 45 -11 Pathway Negative feedback – Example Stimulus Low p. H in duodenum S cells of duodenum secrete secretin ( ) Endocrine cell Blood vessel Target cells Response Pancreas Bicarbonate release

Fig. 45 -12 -1 Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 m. L)

Fig. 45 -12 -2 Body cells take up more glucose. Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Blood glucose level declines. Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 m. L)

Fig. 45 -12 -3 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 m. L) STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Glucagon

Fig. 45 -12 -4 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 m. L) STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Blood glucose level rises. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. Glucagon

Fig. 45 -12 -5 Body cells take up more glucose. Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Blood glucose level declines. Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 m. L) STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Blood glucose level rises. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. Glucagon

Fig. 45 -13 -1 Brain Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum PTTH Prothoracic gland Ecdysone EARLY LARVA Juvenile hormone (JH) Corpus allatum

Fig. 45 -13 -2 Brain Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum PTTH Prothoracic gland Ecdysone EARLY LARVA Juvenile hormone (JH) LATER LARVA Corpus allatum

Fig. 45 -13 -3 Brain Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum PTTH Corpus allatum Low JH Prothoracic gland Ecdysone EARLY LARVA Juvenile hormone (JH) LATER LARVA PUPA ADULT

Fig. 45 -14 Cerebrum Pineal gland Thalamus Cerebellum Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Spinal cord Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary

Fig. 45 -15 Hypothalamus Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary HORMONE ADH Oxytocin TARGET Kidney tubules Mammary glands, uterine muscles

Fig. 45 -16 Pathway Example Stimulus Suckling + Sensory neuron Positive feedback Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel Target cells Response Posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin ( ) Smooth muscle in breasts Milk release

Table 45 -1

Table 45 -1 a

Table 45 -1 b

Table 45 -1 c

Table 45 -1 d

Fig. 45 -17 Tropic effects only: FSH LH TSH ACTH Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Nontropic effects only: Prolactin MSH Nontropic and tropic effects: GH Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones Portal vessels Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Pituitary hormones HORMONE FSH and LH TSH ACTH Prolactin MSH GH TARGET Testes or ovaries Thyroid Adrenal cortex Mammary glands Melanocytes Liver, bones, other tissues

Fig. 45 -18 -1 Example Pathway Cold Stimulus Sensory neuron Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH ) Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel

Fig. 45 -18 -2 Example Pathway + Stimulus Cold Sensory neuron Neurosecretory cell Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH ) Blood vessel Anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin )

Fig. 45 -18 -3 Pathway Example Stimulus Cold Sensory neuron – Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH ) Neurosecretory cell Blood vessel – Negative feedback Anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin ) Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone (T 3 and T 4 ) Target cells Response Body tissues Increased cellular metabolism

Fig. 45 -19 High level iodine uptake Normal iodine uptake

Fig. 45 -20 -1 PTH Parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca 2+ level Homeostasis: Blood Ca 2+ level (about 10 mg/100 m. L)

Fig. 45 -20 -2 Active vitamin D Increases Ca 2+ uptake in intestines Stimulates Ca 2+ uptake in kidneys PTH Stimulates Ca 2+ release from bones Parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca 2+ level Blood Ca 2+ level rises. Homeostasis: Blood Ca 2+ level (about 10 mg/100 m. L)

Fig. 45 -21 Stress Spinal cord Nerve signals Releasing hormone Nerve cell Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Adrenal gland Kidney (a) Short-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity (b) Long-term stress response Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium 1. Proteins and fats broken down ions and water by and converted to glucose, leading kidneys to increased blood glucose 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 2. Possible suppression of immune system

Fig. 45 -21 a Stress Spinal cord Nerve signals Releasing hormone Nerve cell Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Adrenal gland Kidney

Fig. 45 -21 b Adrenal medulla Adrenal gland Kidney (a) Short-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity

Fig. 45 -21 c Adrenal cortex Adrenal gland Kidney (b) Long-term stress response Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 2. Possible suppression of immune system

Fig. 45 -22 RESULTS Appearance of Genitals Chromosome Set XY (male) XX (female) No surgery Embryonic gonad removed Male Female

Fig. 45 -UN 2 Example Pathway – Stimulus Low blood glucose Negative feedback Pancreas secretes glucagon ( ) Endocrine cell Blood vessel Target cells Response Liver Glycogen breakdown, glucose release into blood

Fig. 45 -UN 3 Cortisol level in blood No drug Dexamethasone Normal Patient X

Fig. 45 -UN 4