Fig 40 1 Fig 40 2 a Tuna

Fig. 40 -1

Fig. 40 -2 (a) Tuna (b) Penguin (c) Seal

Fig. 40 -3 Mouth Gastrovascular cavity Exchange 0. 15 mm 1. 5 mm (a) Single cell (b) Two layers of cells

Fig. 40 -4 External environment CO 2 Food O 2 Mouth Respiratory system 0. 5 cm 50 µm Animal body Lung tissue Nutrients Heart Cells Circulatory system 10 µm Interstitial fluid Digestive system Excretory system Lining of small intestine Kidney tubules Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (nitrogenous waste)

Fig. 40 -4 a External environment CO 2 O Food 2 Mouth Animal body Respiratory system Nutrients Heart Cells Circulatory system Interstitial fluid Digestive system Excretory system Anus Unabsorbed Metabolic waste products matter (feces) (nitrogenous waste)

Fig. 40 -4 b 0. 5 cm Lining of small intestine

50 µm Fig. 40 -4 c Lung tissue

Fig. 40 -4 d 10 µm Kidney tubules

Table 40 -1

Fig. 40 -5 a Epithelial Tissue Cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Simple squamous epithelium

Fig. 40 -5 b Apical surface Basal lamina 40 µm

Fig. 40 -5 c Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue Chondrocytes Cartilage Elastic fiber Chondroitin sulfate Nuclei Fat droplets Adipose tissue Osteon 150 µm Fibrous connective tissue 30 µm 100 µm 120 µm Collagenous fiber White blood cells Blood 55 µm 700 µm Bone Central canal Plasma Red blood cells

Fig. 40 -5 d 120 µm Collagenous fiber Elastic fiber Loose connective tissue

Fig. 40 -5 e 30 µm Nuclei Fibrous connective tissue

Fig. 40 -5 f 700 µm Osteon Central canal Bone

Fig. 40 -5 g 100 µm Chondrocytes Chondroitin sulfate Cartilage

Fig. 40 -5 h 150 µm Fat droplets Adipose tissue

Fig. 40 -5 i 55 µm White blood cells Plasma Blood Red blood cells

Fig. 40 -5 j Muscle Tissue Multiple nuclei Muscle fiber Sarcomere Skeletal muscle Nucleus 100 µm Intercalated disk 50 µm Cardiac muscle Nucleus Smooth muscle Muscle fibers 25 µm

Fig. 40 -5 k Multiple nuclei Muscle fiber Sarcomere 100 µm Skeletal muscle

Fig. 40 -5 l Nucleus Muscle fibers 25 µm Smooth muscle

Fig. 40 -5 m Nucleus Intercalated disk Cardiac muscle 50 µm

Fig. 40 -5 n Nervous Tissue 40 µm Dendrites Cell body Glial cells Axon Neuron Axons Blood vessel 15 µm

Fig. 40 -5 o 40 µm Dendrites Cell body Axon Neuron

Fig. 40 -5 p Glial cells Axons Blood vessel Glial cells and axons 15 µm

Fig. 40 -6 Stimulus Endocrine cell Neuron Axon Signal Hormone Signal travels along axon to a specific location. Signal travels everywhere via the bloodstream. Blood vessel Signal Axons Response (a) Signaling by hormones Response (b) Signaling by neurons

Fig. 40 -6 a Stimulus Endocrine cell Hormone Signal travels everywhere via the bloodstream. Blood vessel Response (a) Signaling by hormones

Fig. 40 -6 b Stimulus Neuron Axon Signal travels along axon to a specific location. Signal Axons Response (b) Signaling by neurons

Fig. 40 -7 40 Body temperature (°C) River otter (temperature regulator) 30 20 Largemouth bass (temperature conformer) 10 0 10 20 30 40 Ambient (environmental) temperature (ºC)

Fig. 40 -8 Response: Heater turned off Room temperature decreases Stimulus: Control center (thermostat) reads too hot Set point: 20ºC Stimulus: Control center (thermostat) reads too cold Room temperature increases Response: Heater turned on

Fig. 40 -9 (a) A walrus, an endotherm (b) A lizard, an ectotherm

Fig. 40 -10 Radiation Convection Evaporation Conduction

Fig. 40 -11 Hair Epidermis Sweat pore Muscle Dermis Nerve Sweat gland Hypodermis Adipose tissue Blood vessels Oil gland Hair follicle

Fig. 40 -12 Canada goose Bottlenose dolphin Blood flow Artery Vein Artery 35ºC 33º 30º 27º 20º 18º 10º 9º

Fig. 40 -13

Fig. 40 -14 O 2 consumption (m. L O 2/hr) per kg RESULTS 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 30 25 Contractions per minute 35

Fig. 40 -15 PREFLIGHT Temperature (ºC) 40 PREFLIGHT WARM-UP FLIGHT Thorax 35 30 Abdomen 25 0 2 Time from onset of warm-up (min) 4

Fig. 40 -16 Sweat glands secrete sweat, which evaporates, cooling the body. Body temperature decreases; thermostat shuts off cooling mechanisms. Thermostat in hypothalamus activates cooling mechanisms. Blood vessels in skin dilate: capillaries fill; heat radiates from skin. Increased body temperature Homeostasis: Internal temperature of 36– 38°C Body temperature increases; thermostat shuts off warming mechanisms. Decreased body temperature Blood vessels in skin constrict, reducing heat loss. Skeletal muscles contract; shivering generates heat. Thermostat in hypothalamus activates warming mechanisms.

Fig. 40 -17 External environment Animal body Organic molecules in food Digestion and absorption Nutrient molecules in body cells Carbon skeletons Cellular respiration Heat Energy lost in feces Energy lost in nitrogenous waste Heat ATP Biosynthesis Cellular work Heat

Fig. 40 -18

Fig. 40 -19 103 BMR (L O 2/hr) (Iog scale) Elephant Horse 102 Human Sheep 10 Cat Dog 1 10– 1 Rat Ground squirrel Shrew Mouse Harvest mouse 10– 2 10– 3 10– 2 10 10– 1 1 102 Body mass (kg) (log scale) 103 (a) Relationship of BMR to body size 8 BMR (L O 2/hr) (per kg) 7 Shrew 6 5 4 3 2 1 Harvest mouse Mouse Rat Sheep Cat Dog Human Elephant Horse Ground squirrel 0 10– 3 10– 2 10– 1 1 10 Body mass (kg) (log scale) 103 (b) Relationship of BMR per kilogram of body mass to body size

Fig. 40 -19 a 103 BMR (L O 2/hr) (log scale) Elephant Horse 102 Human Sheep 10 Cat Dog 1 10– 1 Rat Ground squirrel Shrew Mouse Harvest mouse 10– 2 10– 3 10– 2 102 1 10– 1 10 Body mass (kg) (log scale) (a) Relationship of BMR to body size 103

Fig. 40 -19 b 8 Shrew BMR (L O 2/hr) (per kg) 7 6 5 4 Harvest mouse 3 Mouse 2 Rat 1 Ground squirrel 0 10– 3 10– 2 Sheep Human Elephant Cat Dog Horse 1 10 102 10– 1 Body mass (kg) (log scale) 103 (b) Relationship of BMR per kilogram of body mass to body size

Fig. 40 -20 Annual energy expenditure (kcal/hr) Endotherms Ectotherm Reproduction 800, 000 Thermoregulation Basal (standard) metabolism Growth Activity 340, 000 4, 000 60 -kg female human from temperate climate 4 -kg male Adélie penguin from Antarctica (brooding) 8, 000 0. 025 -kg female deer mouse 4 -kg female eastern indigo snake from temperate North America

Annual energy expenditure (kcal/hr) Fig. 40 -20 a Reproduction 800, 000 Thermoregulation Basal (standard) metabolism Growth Activity 60 -kg female human from temperate climate

Annual energy expenditure (kcal/yr) Fig. 40 -20 b Basal (standard) metabolism Reproduction Thermoregulation Activity 340, 000 4 -kg male Adélie penguin from Antarctica (brooding)

Annual energy expenditure (kcal/yr) Fig. 40 -20 c Basal (standard) metabolism Reproduction Thermoregulation Activity 4, 000 0. 025 -kg female deer mouse from temperate North America

Annual energy expenditure (kcal/yr) Fig. 40 -20 d Basal (standard) metabolism Reproduction Growth Activity 8, 000 4 -kg female eastern indigo snake

Metabolic rate (kcal per day) Fig. 40 -21 200 Actual metabolism 100 0 35 30 Temperature (°C) Additional metabolism that would be necessary to stay active in winter Arousals Body temperature 25 20 15 10 5 0 – 5 Outside temperature Burrow temperature – 10 – 15 June August October December February April

Fig. 40 -UN 1 Homeostasis Response/effector Stimulus: Perturbation/stress Control center Sensor/receptor

Fig. 40 -UN 2