Fig 38 1 Fig 38 2 Stamen Anther

Fig. 38 -1

Fig. 38 -2 Stamen Anther Germinated pollen grain (n) (male gametophyte) Anther Stigma Carpel Style Filament Ovary Pollen tube Ovary Ovule Embryo sac (n) (female gametophyte) FERTILIZATION Sepal Petal Egg (n) Sperm (n) Receptacle (a) Structure of an idealized flower Key Zygote (2 n) Mature sporophyte plant (2 n) Haploid (n) Diploid (2 n) Germinating seed Seed Embryo (2 n) (sporophyte) (b) Simplified angiosperm life cycle Simple fruit

Fig. 38 -2 a Stamen Anther Stigma Carpel Style Filament Ovary Sepal Petal Receptacle (a) Structure of an idealized flower

Fig. 38 -2 b Germinated pollen grain (n) (male gametophyte) Anther Ovary Pollen tube Ovule Embryo sac (n) (female gametophyte) FERTILIZATION Egg (n) Sperm (n) Key Zygote (2 n) Mature sporophyte plant (2 n) Haploid (n) Diploid (2 n) Germinating seed Seed Embryo (2 n) (sporophyte) (b) Simplified angiosperm life cycle Simple fruit

Fig. 38 -3 (b) Development of a female gametophyte (embryo sac) (a) Development of a male gametophyte (in pollen grain) Microsporangium (pollen sac) Megasporangium (2 n) Microsporocyte (2 n) Ovule MEIOSIS Megasporocyte (2 n) Integuments (2 n) Micropyle 4 microspores (n) Surviving megaspore (n) Generative cell (n) MITOSIS Male gametophyte Ovule 3 antipodal cells (n) 2 polar nuclei (n) Nucleus of Integuments (2 n) tube cell (n) 75 µm Ragweed pollen grain 100 µm 20 µm 1 egg (n) 2 synergids (n) Embryo sac Female gametophyte (embryo sac) Each of 4 microspores (n)

Fig. 38 -3 a (a) Development of a male gametophyte (in pollen grain) Microsporangium (pollen sac) Microsporocyte (2 n) MEIOSIS 4 microspores (n) Each of 4 microspores (n) Generative cell (n) MITOSIS Male gametophyte Nucleus of tube cell (n) 20 µm 75 µm Ragweed pollen grain

Fig. 38 -3 b (b) Development of a female gametophyte (embryo sac) Megasporangium (2 n) Ovule MEIOSIS Megasporocyte (2 n) Integuments (2 n) Micropyle Surviving megaspore (n) Ovule 3 antipodal cells (n) 2 polar nuclei (n) 1 egg (n) 100 µm Integuments (2 n) 2 synergids (n) Embryo sac Female gametophyte (embryo sac) MITOSIS

Fig. 38 -4 a Abiotic Pollination by Wind Hazel staminate flowers (stamens only) Hazel carpellate flower (carpels only)

Fig. 38 -4 b Pollination by Bees Common dandelion under normal light Common dandelion under ultraviolet light

Fig. 38 -4 c Pollination by Moths and Butterflies Anther Stigma Moth on yucca flower

Fig. 38 -4 d Pollination by Flies Fly egg Blowfly on carrion flower

Fig. 38 -4 e Pollination by Birds Hummingbird drinking nectar of poro flower

Fig. 38 -4 f Pollination by Bats Long-nosed bat feeding on cactus flower at night

Fig. 38 -5 Stigma Pollen grain Pollen tube 2 sperm Style Ovary Ovule Micropyle Ovule Polar nuclei Egg Synergid 2 sperm Endosperm nucleus (3 n) (2 polar nuclei plus sperm) Zygote (2 n) (egg plus sperm) Polar nuclei Egg

Fig. 38 -5 a Stigma Pollen grain Pollen tube 2 sperm Style Ovary Ovule Polar nuclei Micropyle Egg

Fig. 38 -5 b Ovule Polar nuclei Egg Synergid 2 sperm

Fig. 38 -5 c Endosperm nucleus (3 n) (2 polar nuclei plus sperm) Zygote (2 n) (egg plus sperm)

Fig. 38 -6 EXPERIMENT pop 2 mutant Arabidopsis Ovule 20 µm Wild-type Arabidopsis Micropyle Ovule Seed stalk Pollen tube growing toward micropyle Many pollen Seed stalk tubes outside seed stalk

Fig. 38 -7 Ovule Endosperm nucleus Integuments Zygote Terminal cell Basal cell Proembryo Suspensor Basal cell Cotyledons Shoot apex Root apex Suspensor Seed coat Endosperm

Fig. 38 -8 Seed coat Epicotyl Hypocotyl Radicle Cotyledons (a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyledons Seed coat Endosperm Cotyledons Epicotyl Hypocotyl Radicle (b) Castor bean, a eudicot with thin cotyledons Scutellum (cotyledon) Pericarp fused with seed coat Coleoptile Endosperm Epicotyl Coleorhiza (c) Maize, a monocot Hypocotyl Radicle

Fig. 38 -8 a Seed coat Epicotyl Hypocotyl Radicle Cotyledons (a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyledons

Fig. 38 -8 b Seed coat Endosperm Cotyledons Epicotyl Hypocotyl Radicle (b) Castor bean, a eudicot with thin cotyledons

Fig. 38 -8 c Scutellum (cotyledon) Pericarp fused with seed coat Coleoptile Endosperm Epicotyl Coleorhiza (c) Maize, a monocot Hypocotyl Radicle

Fig. 38 -9 Foliage leaves Cotyledon Epicotyl Hypocotyl Cotyledon Hypocotyl Radicle Seed coat (a) Common garden bean Foliage leaves Coleoptile Radicle (b) Maize

Fig. 38 -9 a Foliage leaves Cotyledon Epicotyl Hypocotyl Cotyledon Hypocotyl Radicle Seed coat (a) Common garden bean

Fig. 38 -9 b Foliage leaves Coleoptile Radicle (b) Maize

Fig. 38 -10 Carpels Stamen Flower Petal Stigma Style Ovary Stamen Sepal Stigma Pea flower Ovule Ovary (in receptacle) Ovule Raspberry flower Carpel (fruitlet) Seed Stigma Ovary Pineapple inflorescence Each segment develops from the carpel of one flower Apple flower Remains of stamens and styles Sepals Stamen Seed Receptacle Pea fruit (a) Simple fruit Raspberry fruit (b) Aggregate fruit Pineapple fruit (c) Multiple fruit Apple fruit (d) Accessory fruit

Fig. 38 -10 a Ovary Stamen Stigma Pea flower Seed Pea fruit (a) Simple fruit Ovule

Fig. 38 -10 b Carpels Stamen Raspberry flower Carpel (fruitlet) Stigma Ovary Stamen Raspberry fruit (b) Aggregate fruit

Fig. 38 -10 c Flower Pineapple inflorescence Each segment develops from the carpel of one flower Pineapple fruit (c) Multiple fruit

Fig. 38 -10 d Petal Stigma Style Stamen Sepal Ovary (in receptacle) Ovule Apple flower Remains of stamens and styles Sepals Seed Receptacle Apple fruit (d) Accessory fruit

Fig. 38 -11 a Dispersal by Water Coconut

Fig. 38 -11 b Dispersal by Wind Winged seed of Asian climbing gourd Dandelion “parachute” Winged fruit of maple Tumbleweed

Fig. 38 -11 c Dispersal by Animals Barbed fruit Seeds carried to ant nest Seeds in feces Seeds buried in caches

Fig. 38 -12

Fig. 38 -13 (a) Sagittaria latifolia staminate flower (left) and carpellate flower (right) Stamens Styles Thrum flower (b) Oxalis alpina flowers Styles Stamens Pin flower

Fig. 38 -13 a (a) Sagittaria latifolia staminate flower (left) and carpellate flower (right)

Fig. 38 -13 b Stamens Styles Thrum flower (b) Oxalis alpina flowers Styles Stamens Pin flower

Fig. 38 -14 (a) Undifferentiated carrot cells (b) Differentiation into plant

Fig. 38 -15 50 µm

Fig. 38 -16

Fig. 38 -17

Fig. 38 -18 Genetically modified rice Ordinary rice

Fig. 38 -UN 1 Endosperm nucleus (3 n) (2 polar nuclei plus sperm) Zygote (2 n) (egg plus sperm)

Fig. 38 -UN 2