Fig 3 1 a p 50 Fig 3

Fig. 3 -1 a, p. 50

Fig. 3 -1 b, p. 50

Fig. 3 -2, p. 52

(a) Eukaryotic Cell Energy conversion Nucleus (DNA) Protein construction Cell membrane Fig. 3 -2 a, p. 52

(b) Prokaryotic Cell DNA (no nucleus) Cell membrane Protein construction and energy conversion occur without specialized internal structures Fig. 3 -2 b, p. 52

(a) Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus (DNA) (b) Prokaryotic Cell Energy conversion Protein construction DNA (no nucleus) Cell membrane Protein construction and energy conversion occur without specialized internal structures Stepped Art Fig. 3 -2, p. 52

Fig. 3 -3, p. 52

Biosphere Parts of the earth's air, water, and soil where life is found Ecosystem A community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy Community Populations of different species living in a particular place, and potentially interacting with each other Population A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place Organism Cell Molecule Atom An individual living being The fundamental structural and functional unit of life Chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements Smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits chemical properties Fig. 3 -3, p. 52

Biosphere Parts of the earth's air, water, and soil where life is found Ecosystem A community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy Community Populations of different species living in a particular place, and potentially interacting with each other Population A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place Organism Cell Molecule Atom An individual living being The fundamental structural and functional unit of life Chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements Smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits chemical properties Stepped Art Fig. 3 -3, p. 52

Fig. 3 -4, p. 53

Fig. 3 -5, p. 53

Fig. 3 -A (1), p. 54

Fig. 3 -A (2), p. 54

Fig. 3 -6, p. 55

Vegetation and animals Atmosphere Biosphere Soil Rock Crust Lithosphere Mantle Biosphere (living organisms) Atmosphere (air) Core Mantle Geosphere (crust, mantle, core) Crust (soil and rock) Hydrosphere (water) Fig. 3 -6, p. 55

Fig. 3 -7, p. 55

Average annual precipitation 100– 125 cm (40– 50 in. ) 75– 100 cm (30– 40 in. ) 50– 75 cm (20– 30 in. ) 25– 50 cm (10– 20 in. ) below 25 cm (0– 10 in. ) Denver Baltimore San Francisco St. Louis Coastal mountain ranges Sierra Nevada Great American Desert Coastal chaparral Coniferous forest and scrub Rocky Mountains Desert Great Plains Coniferous forest Mississippi River Valley Prairie grassland Appalachian Mountains Deciduous forest Fig. 3 -7, p. 55

Fig. 3 -8, p. 56

Solar radiation Reflected by atmosphere UV radiation Most absorbed by ozone Radiated by atmosphere as heat Lower Stratosphere (ozone layer) Visible light Troposphere Heat Absorbed by the earth Heat radiated by the earth Greenhouse effect Fig. 3 -8, p. 56

Fig. 3 -9, p. 57

Oxygen (O 2) Precipitation Carbon dioxide (CO 2) Producer Secondary consumer (fox) Primary consumer (rabbit) Producers Decomposers Water Soluble mineral nutrients Fig. 3 -9, p. 57

Fig. 3 -10, p. 58

Higher limit of tolerance Lower limit of tolerance Few organisms Abundance of organisms Few organisms No organisms Population size No organisms Zone of intolerance physiological stress Low Optimum range Temperature Zone of physiological intolerance stress High Fig. 3 -10, p. 58

Fig. 3 -11, p. 60

Detritus feeders Decomposers Carpenter ant galleries Termite and Bark beetle carpenter engraving Dry rot ant work Long-horned fungus beetle holes Wood reduced Mushroom to powder Time progression Powder broken down by decomposers into plant nutrients in soil Fig. 3 -11, p. 60

Fig. 3 -12, p. 60

Heat Abiotic chemicals (carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, minerals) Heat Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) Heat Solar energy Heat Producers (plants) Consumers (herbivores, carnivores) Heat Fig. 3 -12, p. 60

Fig. 3 -13, p. 62

First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Producers (plants) Heat Third Trophic Level Fourth Trophic Level Secondary consumers (carnivores) Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) Primary consumers (herbivores) Heat Solar energy Heat Decomposers and detritus feeders Fig. 3 -13, p. 62

Fig. 3 -14, p. 63

Humans Blue whale Sperm whale Elephant seal Crabeater seal Adelie penguin Killer whale Leopard seal Emperor penguin Squid Petrel Fish Carnivorous plankton Herbivorous zooplankton Krill Phytoplankton Fig. 3 -14, p. 63

Fig. 3 -15, p. 63

Usable energy available at each trophic level (in kilocalories) Tertiary consumers (human) 10 Secondary consumers (perch) 100 Primary consumers (zooplankton) Heat Decomposers Heat 1, 000 Heat 10, 000 Producers (phytoplankton) Fig. 3 -15, p. 63

Usable energy available at each trophic level (in kilocalories) Tertiary consumers (human) 10 Secondary consumers (perch) 100 Primary consumers (zooplankton) Heat Decomposers Heat 1, 000 Heat 10, 000 Producers (phytoplankton) Stepped Art Fig. 3 -15, p. 63

Fig. 3 -16, p. 64

Terrestrial Ecosystems Swamps and marshes Tropical rain forest Temperate forest Northern coniferous forest Savanna Agricultural land Woodland shrubland Temperate grassland Tundra (arctic and alpine) Desert scrub Extreme desert Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries Lakes and streams Continental shelf Open ocean 800 1, 600 2, 400 3, 200 4, 000 4, 800 5, 600 6, 400 7, 200 8, 000 8, 800 9, 600 Average net primary productivity (kcal/m 2/yr) Fig. 3 -16, p. 64

Fig. 3 -17, p. 66

Condensation Global warming Precipitation to land Ice and snow Transpiration from plants Condensation Evaporation from land Surface runoff Runoff Lakes and reservoirs Infiltration and percolation into aquifer Groundwater movement (slow) Processes Evaporation from ocean Reduced recharge of aquifers and flooding from covering land with crops and buildings Precipitation to ocean Point source pollution Surface runoff Aquifer depletion from overpumping Increased flooding from wetland destruction Ocean Processes affected by humans Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway Fig. 3 -17, p. 66

Fig. 3 -18, p. 68

Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Respiration Photosynthesis Forest fires Animals (consumers) Diffusion Burning fossil fuels Deforestation Transportation Respiration Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean Marine food webs Producers, consumers, decomposers Carbon in limestone or dolomite sediments Plants (producers) Carbon in plants (producers) Carbon in animals (consumers) Decomposition Carbon in fossil fuels Compaction Processes Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway Fig. 3 -18, p. 68

Fig. 3 -19, p. 69

Processes Nitrogen in atmosphere Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway Nitrogen oxides from burning fuel and using inorganic fertilizers Nitrates from fertilizer runoff and decomposition Denitrification by bacteria Electrical storms Volcanic activity Nitrogen in animals (consumers) Nitrification by bacteria Nitrogen in plants (producers) Decomposition Uptake by plants Nitrate in soil Nitrogen loss to deep ocean sediments Nitrogen in ocean sediments Bacteria Ammonia in soil Fig. 3 -19, p. 69

Fig. 3 -20, p. 70

300 Projected human input Nitrogen input (teragrams per year) 250 200 150 Total human input 100 Fertilizer and industrial use 50 Nitrogen fixation in agroecosystems Fossil fuels 0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year 2050 Fig. 3 -20, p. 70

Fig. 3 -21, p. 71

Processes Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway Phosphates in sewage Phosphates in mining waste Phosphates in fertilizer Plate tectonics Runoff Sea birds Runoff Erosion Animals (consumers) Phosphate dissolved in water Plants (producers) Phosphate in rock (fossil bones, guano) Phosphate in shallow ocean sediments Ocean food webs Phosphate in deep ocean sediments Bacteria Fig. 3 -21, p. 71

Fig. 3 -22, p. 72

Sulfur dioxide in atmosphere Smelting Burning coal Refining fossil fuels Sulfur in animals (consumers) Dimethyl sulfide a bacteria byproduct Sulfur in ocean sediments Processes Reservoir Sulfuric acid and Sulfate deposited as acid rain Sulfur in plants (producers) Mining and extraction Decay Uptake by plants Decay Sulfur in soil, rock and fossil fuels Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway Fig. 3 -22, p. 72