Fig 25 1 Fig 25 2 Fig 25
- Slides: 73
Fig. 25 -1
Fig. 25 -2
Fig. 25 -3 20 µm Glucose-phosphate Phosphatase Starch Phosphate (a) Simple reproduction by liposomes Amylase Maltose (b) Simple metabolism
Fig. 25 -3 a 20 µm (a) Simple reproduction by liposomes
Fig. 25 -3 b Glucose-phosphate Phosphatase Starch Amylase Phosphate Maltose (b) Simple metabolism
Fig. 25 -4 Rhomaleosaurus victor, a plesiosaur 100 million years ago Present Casts of ammonites 4. 5 cm Coccosteus cuspidatus 400 375 300 270 200 175 Dimetrodon Hallucigenia 1 cm 565 2. 5 cm 525 500 Dickinsonia costata Fossilized stromatolite 3, 500 1, 500 600 Stromatolites Tappania, a unicellular eukaryote
Fig. 25 -4 -1 Hallucigenia 1 cm 565 2. 5 cm 4. 5 cm 525 500 Dickinsonia costata Fossilized stromatolite 3, 500 1, 500 600 Stromatolites Tappania, a unicellular eukaryote
Fig. 25 -4 a-2 4. 5 cm 400 375 300 270 200 175 Dimetrodon Coccosteus cuspidatus Rhomaleosaurus victor, a plesiosaur 100 million years ago Present Casts of ammonites
Fig. 25 -4 b Rhomaleosaurus victor, a plesiosaur
Fig. 25 -4 c Dimetrodon
Fig. 25 -4 d Casts of ammonites
Fig. 25 -4 e 4. 5 cm Coccosteus cuspidatus
Fig. 25 -4 f 1 cm Hallucigenia
Fig. 25 -4 g Dickinsonia costata 2. 5 cm
Fig. 25 -4 h Tappania, a unicellular eukaryote
Fig. 25 -4 i Stromatolites
Fig. 25 -4 j Fossilized stromatolite
Fraction of parent isotope remaining Fig. 25 -5 1/ 2 Remaining “parent” isotope 1 Accumulating “daughter” isotope 1/ 4 1/ 3 2 Time (half-lives) 8 1/ 4 16
Fig. 25 -6 Synapsid (300 mya) Temporal fenestra Key Articular Quadrate Dentary Squamosal Therapsid (280 mya) Reptiles (including dinosaurs and birds) Temporal fenestra Very late cynodont (195 mya) Earlier cynodonts Later cynodont (220 mya) Therapsids Temporal fenestra Dimetrodon Synapsids Early cynodont (260 mya) EARLY TETRAPODS Very late cynodonts Mammals
Fig. 25 -6 -1 Synapsid (300 mya) Temporal fenestra Therapsid (280 mya) Temporal fenestra Key Articular Quadrate Dentary Squamosal
Fig. 25 -6 -2 Early cynodont (260 mya) Key Temporal fenestra Later cynodont (220 mya) Very late cynodont (195 mya) Articular Quadrate Dentary Squamosal
Fig. 25 -7 ic zo o le o. Mesc zoi Cenozoic Humans Pa Colonization of land Animals Origin of solar system and Earth 4 1 Proterozoic Bil lio ns of 2 Archaean Multicellular eukaryotes Single-celled eukaryotes o ag s ar 3 ye Atmospheric oxygen Prokaryotes
Fig. 25 -8
Fig. 25 -9 -1 Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Ancestral prokaryote DNA Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Nucleus
Fig. 25 -9 -2 Aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote Mitochondrion Ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote
Fig. 25 -9 -3 Photosynthetic prokaryote Mitochondrion Plastid Ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote
Fig. 25 -9 -4 Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Ancestral prokaryote DNA Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nuclear envelope Aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote Photosynthetic prokaryote Mitochondrion Ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote Mitochondrion Plastid Ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote
Early Paleozoic era (Cambrian period) 542 Late Proterozoic eon Sponges 500 Arthropods Molluscs Annelids Brachiopods Chordates Echinoderms Cnidarians Millions of years ago Fig. 25 -10
Fig. 25 -11 (a) Two-cell stage 150 µm (b) Later stage 200 µm
Fig. 25 -12 North American Plate Crust Juan de Fuca Plate Mantle Inner core (a) Cutaway view of Earth Caribbean Plate Philippine Plate Arabian Plate Indian Plate Cocos Plate Pacific Plate Outer core Eurasian Plate Nazca Plate South American Plate Scotia Plate (b) Major continental plates African Plate Antarctic Plate Australian Plate
Fig. 25 -12 a Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core (a) Cutaway view of Earth
Fig. 25 -12 b North American Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Eurasian Plate Caribbean Plate Philippine Plate Arabian Plate Indian Plate Cocos Plate Pacific Plate Nazca Plate South American Plate Scotia Plate (b) Major continental plates African Plate Antarctic Plate Australian Plate
Fig. 25 -13 Cenozoic Present N 65. 5 ica er m h. A t or Eurasia Africa India South America Madagascar ralia st 135 251 Mesozoic Laurasia Gon dwa na ea Paleozoic Millions of years ago Antarctica a ng Pa Au
Fig. 25 -13 a Cenozoic Millions of years ago Present 65. 5 a ic er No Am h t r Eurasia Africa South America India Madagascar Antarctica A tra us lia
Fig. 25 -13 b 251 Gon dwa ea Paleozoic Millions of years ago 135 Mesozoic Laurasia Pa a ng na
Fig. 25 -14 800 700 600 15 500 400 10 300 200 5 100 0 Era Period 542 E O Paleozoic S D 488 444 416 359 C Tr P 299 251 Mesozoic C J 200 145 Time (millions of years ago) Cenozoic P 65. 5 N 0 0 Number of families: Total extinction rate (families per million years): 20
Fig. 25 -15 NORTH AMERICA Yucatán Peninsula Chicxulub crater
Predator genera (percentage of marine genera) Fig. 25 -16 50 40 30 20 10 0 Paleozoic Mesozoic Era D C P C E O S J Tr Period 359 488 444 416 542 299 251 200 145 Time (millions of years ago) Cenozoic P 65. 5 N 0
Fig. 25 -17 Ancestral mammal Monotremes (5 species) ANCESTRAL CYNODONT Marsupials (324 species) Eutherians (placental mammals; 5, 010 species) 250 200 150 Millions of years ago 50 0
Fig. 25 -18 Close North American relative, the tarweed Carlquistia muirii Dubautia laxa KAUAI 5. 1 million years MOLOKAI OAHU 3. 7 LANAI million years 1. 3 MAUI million years Argyroxiphium sandwicense HAWAII 0. 4 million years Dubautia waialealae Dubautia scabra Dubautia linearis
Fig. 25 -18 a KAUAI 5. 1 million years MOLOKAI OAHU 3. 7 million years 1. 3 million MAUI years LANAI HAWAII 0. 4 million years
Fig. 25 -18 b Close North American relative, the tarweed Carlquistia muirii
Fig. 25 -18 c Dubautia waialealae
Fig. 25 -18 d Dubautia laxa
Fig. 25 -18 e Dubautia scabra
Fig. 25 -18 f Argyroxiphium sandwicense
Fig. 25 -18 g Dubautia linearis
Fig. 25 -19 Newborn 2 5 Age (years) 15 Adult (a) Differential growth rates in a human Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult Human fetus Human adult (b) Comparison of chimpanzee and human skull growth
Fig. 25 -19 a Newborn 2 5 Age (years) 15 (a) Differential growth rates in a human Adult
Fig. 25 -19 b Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult Human fetus Human adult (b) Comparison of chimpanzee and human skull growth
Fig. 25 -20 Gills
Fig. 25 -21 Hypothetical vertebrate ancestor (invertebrate) with a single Hox cluster First Hox duplication Hypothetical early vertebrates (jawless) with two Hox clusters Vertebrates (with jaws) with four Hox clusters Second Hox duplication
Fig. 25 -22 Hox gene 6 Hox gene 7 Hox gene 8 Ubx About 400 mya Drosophila Artemia
Fig. 25 -23 RESULTS Test of Hypothesis A: Differences in the coding sequence of the Pitx 1 gene? Result: No Test of Hypothesis B: Differences in the regulation of expression of Pitx 1 ? Result: Yes Marine stickleback embryo Close-up of mouth Close-up of ventral surface The 283 amino acids of the Pitx 1 protein are identical. Pitx 1 is expressed in the ventral spine and mouth regions of developing marine sticklebacks but only in the mouth region of developing lake stickbacks. Lake stickleback embryo
Fig. 25 -23 a Marine stickleback embryo Close-up of mouth Close-up of ventral surface Lake stickleback embryo
Fig. 25 -24 Pigmented cells (photoreceptors) Epithelium Nerve fibers (a) Patch of pigmented cells Fluid-filled cavity Epithelium Optic nerve Nerve fibers (b) Eyecup Cellular mass (lens) Pigmented layer (retina) (c) Pinhole camera-type eye Cornea Optic nerve (d) Eye with primitive lens Cornea Lens Retina Optic nerve (e) Complex camera-type eye
Fig. 25 -25 Recent (11, 500 ya) Equus Pleistocene (1. 8 mya) Hippidion and other genera Nannippus Pliohippus Pliocene (5. 3 mya) Hipparion Neohipparion Sinohippus Megahippus Callippus Archaeohippus Miocene (23 mya) Merychippus Hypohippus Anchitherium Parahippus Miohippus Oligocene (33. 9 mya) Mesohippus Paleotherium Epihippus Propalaeotherium Eocene (55. 8 mya) Pachynolophus Orohippus Key Hyracotherium Grazers Browsers
Fig. 25 -25 a Miohippus Oligocene (33. 9 mya) Mesohippus Paleotherium Epihippus Propalaeotherium Eocene (55. 8 mya) Pachynolophus Orohippus Key Hyracotherium Grazers Browsers
Fig. 25 -25 b Recent (11, 500 ya) Equus Pleistocene (1. 8 mya) Hippidion and other genera Nannippus Pliohippus Pliocene (5. 3 mya) Hipparion Neohipparion Sinohippus Megahippus Callippus Archaeohippus Miocene (23 mya) Merychippus Anchitherium Hypohippus Parahippus
Table 25 -1
Table 25 -1 a
Table 25 -1 b
Fig 25 -UN 1 Cryolophosaurus
Fig 25 -UN 2 1 4 s on lli Bi of 2 o g a s r a e y 3 Prokaryotes
Fig 25 -UN 3 1 s on lli Bi 4 go of 2 a a e y rs 3 Atmospheric oxygen
Fig 25 -UN 4 1 4 s on lli Bi Singlecelled eukaryotes of 2 o g a s r a e y 3
Fig 25 -UN 5 1 4 s on lli Bi Multicellular eukaryotes of 2 o g a s r a e y 3
Fig 25 -UN 6 Animals 1 4 s on lli Bi of 2 o g a rs a ye 3
Fig 25 -UN 7 Colonization of land 1 s on lli Bi of 2 s r a e y 3 4 o g a
Fig 25 -UN 8 1. 2 bya: First multicellular eukaryotes 2. 1 bya: First eukaryotes (single-celled) 535– 525 mya: Cambrian explosion (great increase in diversity of animal forms) 500 mya: Colonization of land by fungi, plants and animals 500 Present Millions of years ago (mya) 1, 000 1, 500 2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 3, 500 4, 000 3. 5 billion years ago (bya): First prokaryotes (single-celled)
Fig 25 -UN 9 - Cenozoic o Mesc zoi c i zo o le Pa Origin of solar system and Earth 1 4 Proterozoic Archaean Bil go lio a ns rs a of ye 3 2
Fig 25 -UN 10 Flies and fleas Caddisflies Herbivory Moths and butterflies
Fig 25 -UN 11 oic o. Mesc zoi Cenozoic z leo Pa Origin of solar system and Earth 4 1 Proterozoic Bil lio ns of 2 Archaean ye ar go a s 3
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