Fiction Nonfiction Literary Terms Fiction vs Nonfiction Fiction

































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Fiction & Nonfiction. Literary Terms

Fiction vs. Nonfiction Fiction: Prose writing about imaginary people, places, and events Mainly written for enjoyment Nonfiction: Prose writing about real people, places, and events Mainly written to convey factual information Information may be shaped by the author’s own purpose and attitudes

Examples of Fiction Traditionally, fiction includes novels, short stories, fables, fairy tales, plays, poetry, films, comic books, and video games.

Examples of Nonfiction newspaper article, cookbook, letter, review, speech, true-life adventure story, advertisement, autobiography, memoir, essay, journal, editorial, instruction manual, report Autobiography= writer’s account of his/her own life; almost always told from the first person point of view Biography= an account of a person’s life written by another person Memoir= autobiographical writing; writer focuses on his/her involvement with noted people and/or significant events Essay= a brief work of nonfiction that deals with a single subject Formal essay= writers develop and order ideas in an impersonal manner Informal essay= writers expression of ideas is less strict and often employs humor and anecdotes

Nonfiction Writing Argumentative Essay The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic, collect, generate, and evaluate evidence, and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner. Analytical Essay In this type of essay you analyze, examine and interpret such things as an event, book, poem, play or other work of art. Narrative When writing a narrative essay, one might think of it as telling a story. These essays are often personal allowing the student to express herself in a creative and, quite often, moving way. Research Essay A research paper is a piece of academic writing that requires a more abstract, critical, and thoughtful level of inquiry than you might be used to. The final product will be a unique and appropriate integration of evidence you have located outside yourself and personal insights you

Lite rary Terms

Figurative Language Sounds – ONOMATOPOEIA-Words sound like what they are "The fire crackled and the popcorn popped. " – ALLITERATION-Repeated consonant sounds "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers" – ASSONANCE-Repeated vowel sounds

Figurative Language Imagery-creating pictures for the senses – Metaphors-a comparison of two unlike things “Love is a red rose. ” – Simile-a comparison of two unlike things using like or as “Love is like a red rose. ” – Personification-giving human characteristics to an animal, object, or concept (something nonhuman) “The wind pushed me down. ” – Hyperbole-an exaggeration “That was the worst movie ever. ”

Figurative Language Cont. Imagery-creating pictures for the senses – Allusion-cross reference to another work of art – “I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio’s. ” – “When she lost her job, she acted like a Scrooge, and refused to buy anything that wasn’t necessary. ” – Symbolism-Something represents a completely different thing or idea. A specific idea or object that may stand for ideas, values, persons, or ways of life – The color white symbolizes purity and marriage – The color black symbolizes death and evil Paradox-Something that at first seems to contradict itself – "A little learning is a dangerous thing. ”

Plot Series of events in the story, what the story is about Complex-has an introduction, conflicts, complications, a climax, and a resolution

Exposition/Introduction Includes: Setting Character introduction

Setting The time, place, physical details, and circumstances in which a situation occurs Atmosphere or mood/tone

Types of Characters a. Protagonist - the main character of a play, the one who is the center of action and holds your attention. b. Antagonist - the character who causes problems for the protagonist. Example: In the fairy tale and movie, Cinderella is the protagonist and her wicked stepmother is the antagonist. VS.

Types of Characters cont. c. Foil - the character that acts as the butt of the jokes. Also a character used to show contrast with the main character.

Types of Characters Cont. d. Confidant/confidante - friend or servant of the antagonist or protagonist who by "listening" provides the audience with a window into what the major characters are thinking and feeling. Example: In Cinderella, the friendly mice serve as Cinderella's confidants.

Types of Characters Cont. e. Flat/Static Character-have only one "side, " representing a single trait. Will not undergo change, remains the same f. Round/Dynamic Character-have many traits and are seen, as it were, from all sides, in the round. Will undergo change throughout story.

Characterization The act of creating or developing a character – – – Physical Description What character says, does, or thinks What other characters say about him or her

Types of Traits 1. External characteristics (characteristics that flat, one-dimensional characters possess): names, physical appearance, physical nature, manner of speech and accent, manner of dress, social status, class, education, friends, family, and community interests. 2. Internal characteristics (characters that round, multi-dimensional characters possess): thoughts, feelings, and emotions

Conflict Internal Conflict- Person vs. Himself (Conscience) External Conflict– – – Person vs. Man Person vs. Society Person vs. Nature Person vs. Supernatural Person vs. Machine Person vs. Fate

Complication(s) Problems or issues that arise that get in the way and make it difficult for the protagonist to solve the conflict. Why are plot complications important? First, they make a story more interesting. Second, they’re a great way to surprise the reader. But probably the most important reason intrinsic to the story world itself — complications force characters, and most especially the protagonist, to overcome ever greater odds, to use the wisdom they’ve gained and the inner strength they’ve tapped into as a result of their journey to be better than the forces working in opposition to them. As a result, by the story’s end, the reader is likely to feel more satisfied with the protagonist reaching their goal, knowing the writer really pushed that character to their limit.

Climax & Resolution Climax – Character takes action to end the conflict – Turning point of the story with the highest amount of action Resolution – Problem is solved – All loose ends are tied up

Mood The feeling created in the reader by the story/author. The emotion or the memory created can be seen and felt without a spoken word.

Tone The author’s attitude toward the reader and subject. Tone may be playful, formal, intimate, angry, serious, ironic, outraged, baffled, tender, serene, depressed, etc.

Foreshadowing Hints or clues about events that have yet to occur It can be very broad and easily understood, or it may be complex use of symbols, that are then connected to later turns in the plot. Sometimes an author may deliberately use false hints, called red herrings, to send readers or viewers off in the wrong direction. This is particularly the case with mystery writers, who want to bury clues to a mystery in information that is partially true and partially false.


Motivations A reason that explains a characters thoughts, feelings, actions, or speech Love Curiosity Greed Duty Revenge Self-Satisfaction Self-Discovery Self-Preservation

POINT OF VIEW perspective from which story is told First Person POV – narrator is the main character in story Second Person POV- the narrator tells the story to another character using "you, " so that the story is being told through the addressee's point of view. Third Person Limited POV – narrator is outside story looking in, limited means readers know thought, feelings, and motivations of ONE CHARACTER (main character) Third Person Omniscient POV – narrator outside story looking in, omniscient means readers know thoughts, feelings, and motivations of ALL CHARACTERS

Theme A central idea, concern, purpose in a story

Genre a type of literature Such as fiction, poetry, drama, nonfiction Could be broken down even further Gothic, mystery, comedy, tragedy, etc. Lyric poetry, epic poetry, sonnets, etc.

Allegory A story intended to be read on a symbolic level. A story that acts as an extended metaphor in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on the literal level, but they also stand for something else on the symbolic level. Example: A character named Faith = Faith (belief) Direct opposite of the literal Fables are types of Allegory “The Tortoise and the Hare”

Suspense A feeling of growing curiosity about the outcome of events in a story.

Irony A surprising, amusing, or interesting contradiction in a story. – Verbal Irony-We understand the opposite of what the speaker says – Situational Irony-When one event is expected to occur and the opposite happens. – Dramatic Irony-Discrepancy between what characters know and what readers know

Diction Choice or use of words. Degree of clarity and distinctness of pronunciation – Dialogue-conversation between two or more people – Dialect-How you talk Accent A regional or social variety of language
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