FGM By Sozan Fathi FGM World Health Organization

FGM By: Sozan Fathi

FGM World Health Organization (WHO) � "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. "

History � Girls in Ancient Egypt 163 B. C � Evidence from MUMMIES - both Type I and Type III - pharaonic circumcision � might be a cultural relic from pre-monotheistic African tribal religions � concentrated in Islamic areas � the Qur'an –Islamic holy book, female genital cutting is not commanded � "Circumcision is Sunnah for men and an honorable thing for women. “ Prophet Mohammad � England the United States- the 19 th century to "cure" insanity, masturbation, and nymphomania � Isaac Baker Brown (1812– 1873) � Sigmund Freud "Elimination of the clitoris is a prerequisite for the development of femininity. "

classifications of FGM � Type I : removal of the clitorial hood � Type II : Clitoridectomy � Type III: Infundibulation � Type IV: miscellaneous acts

Type III infibulation or pharaonic circumcision, is the removal of all external genitalia � Left is a hole - for the passage of urine and menstrual blood, which is created by inserting a twig or rock salt into the wound � legs are then tied together from hip to ankle for around 40 days to allow the wound to heal � The immobility causes the labial tissue to bond, forming a wall of flesh and skin across the entire vulva � pregnant woman who has not experienced FGM, the procedure is performed before she gives birth, because it is believed the baby may be stillborn if it touches her clitoris �

WHEN AND HOW � girls a few days old to puberty � By a traditional circumciser � without anaesthesia � Without sterile equipment � using a knife, razor, scissors, cut glass, sharpened rocks, fingernails � suturing material such as agave or acacia thorns

Prevalence � 100– 140 million women and girls around the world have experienced the procedure, including 92 million in Africa � practised in 28 countries in western, eastern, and north-eastern Africa � in parts of Asia and the Middle East, � and within some immigrant communities in Europe, North America, and Australasia

Prevalence � Somalia, Djibouti and Guinea 98% � Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Gambia, Mali, Sudan and Sierra Leone 90% � Chad, Guina Bissau, Liberia, Kenya, Mauritania and Togo 50 -70%

Immediate complications � painful � Bleeding – fatal (10%) � Hypovolemic shock -fatal � Acute urinary retention � Urinary infection � Wound infection � Septicemia � Tetanus � Hepatitis � HIV

Late complications formation of scars and keloids � damage to urethra and bladder with infections and incontinence � vaginal and pelvic infections � Dysmenorrhes � Dyspareunia � INFERTILITY � epidermoid cysts � chronic pain � Complete obstruction �

Reinfibulation and defibulation � Women may request reinfibulation (RI)—the restoration of the infibulation—after birth, cuts are made around the vagina, then sutures are put in place to tighten it to the size of a pinhole � RI may also be carried out just before marriage, after divorce, or even in elderly women to prepare them for death � Defibulation, or deinfibulation, is a surgical technique to reverse the closure of the vaginal opening after a Type III infibulation, and consists of a vertical cut opening up normal access to the vagina, removal of scar tissue and labial repair and a new clitoris

why Motherhood- not called"mother" when she has children if she is uncircumcised � a newborn child has elements of both sexes- cleansed by the removal of "male” body parts � unclean to handle food and water � raising a girl properly � a woman's genitals might continue to grow without FGM, until they dangle between her legs � ensures pre-marital virginity and inhibits extra-marital sex, because it reduces women's libido � clitoris are dangerous, capable of killing a man if his penis touches it, or a baby if the head comes into contact with it during birth, � Women fear the pain of re-opening the vagina, and are afraid of being discovered if it is opened illicitly �

Non-practicing countries � Sweden passed legislation in 1982, the first Western country to do so � USA 1996 � International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation United Nations, February 6 (2003)

� http: //nowscape. com/islam/FGM- Africa 1. htm

sources � http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Religious_views _on_female_genital_mutilation � http: //nowscape. com/islam/FGMAfrica 1. htm � Amnesty international � Unicef � who � http: //www. islam. se/kvinnlig-omskarelsekonsstympning � And more

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